Evidence for Depressed Reproduction of Golden Eagles in Washington

• Published in: The Journal of wildlife management Vol. 84; no. 5; pp. 1002 - 1011
• Main Authors: WATSON, JAMES W., HAYES, GERALD E., KEREN, ILAI N., OWENS, THOMAS E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda Wiley 01-07-2020; Blackwell Publishing Ltd
• Subjects: Aquila chrysaetos; Colonies & territories; Contamination; golden eagle; Nesting; nesting success; Nests; Occupancy; Parameters; Polls & surveys; population trend; Prey; Productivity; Random sampling; Reproduction; Statistical sampling; status; Surveying; Territory; territory occupancy; Trend analysis; Washington; Wildlife; Wildlife habitats; Wind power
• ISSN: 0022-541X; 1937-2817
• DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21860

Beginning in 1977 the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife conducted annual surveys to determine statewide golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) occupancy and productivity. Current interest in the regional and national status of the species prompted our investigation to determine utility of historical data in assessing trends in reproduction, and to test efficacy of a sampling protocol that surveyed randomly selected territories and also accounted for detection probability. We found evidence indicating poor reproduction from 38 annual surveys conducted at 301 known territories statewide between 1977 and 2014. At 256 territories in eastern Washington, USA, apparent occupancy was low (x¯ =50.9%) and nesting success declined by 22%. All reproductive parameters were higher than at 45 territories in western Washington. We tested efficacy of a sampling protocol in 2013 and 2014 by surveying 108 randomly selected eastern territories. Probability of detecting eagles for these years from ground (x̂=89%) was greater than from air (x̂=66%). Our estimate of territory occupancy, corrected by probability of detection, was lower in 2013 (x̂=56.7%, 95% CI=46.3–66.7%) than in 2014 (x̂=73.7%, 95% CI=64.8–81.7%), as was the estimated number of breeding pairs (2013: x̂=158, 95% CI=151–164; 2014: x̂=187, 95% CI=182–192). Higher productivity (young/occupied territory) in 2013 (x̂=0.59, 95% CI=0.40–0.82) than in 2014 (x̂=0.41, 95% CI=0.27–0.59) and lower proportions of ≥1 immature eagle among nesting pairs in 2013 (16%) than in 2014 (31%), suggested higher immature pairing among sampled pairs contributed to inter-year differences in these reproductive parameters. Current and historical evidence for depressed golden eagle nesting in Washington is consistent with documented effects from habitat conversion, prey declines, lead contamination, and wind power development. We recommend future surveys in eastern Washington adhere to the random sampling protocol and conduct surveys at regular intervals to allow for trend analysis of reproductive parameters to better monitor golden eagle status. Surveys in western Washington, conducted exclusively from ground at all nests, will improve detection and cost efficiency.