Dazed and Confused: Altered Mental Status in an Adolescent Male

• Published in: The Journal of emergency medicine Vol. 61; no. 6; pp. e155 - e159
• Main Authors: Sims, Morgan J., Black, Rachel E., Carter, Emma G., Price, Amanda B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-12-2021
• Subjects: Absence seizure; Adolescent; Adult; Altered mental status; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Pediatric emergency; Seizures; Status epilepticus; Status Epilepticus - diagnosis; Status Epilepticus - etiology; Altered mental status; Pediatric emergency; Absence seizure; Status epilepticus; altered mental status; absence seizure; status epilepticus; pediatric emergency
• ISSN: 0736-4679; 2352-5029
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.07.004

Absence status epilepticus (ASE) is a form of generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus. ASE is characterized by impairment in consciousness, which can vary widely, making the diagnosis more difficult. The typical patient with ASE will be confused yet responsive and in a “trance-like state” with delayed speech, clumsy gait, and the ability to perform simple tasks after prompting. With treatment, typical ASE has an excellent prognosis and does not appear to be associated with significant neuronal damage.
An 11-year-old boy with history of febrile seizures presented to the emergency department (ED) with altered mental status without trauma or ingestion. His vital signs and physical examination were normal, with the exception of appearing intoxicated with sparse verbalization and inappropriate emotional responses. All laboratory results and imaging were unremarkable. While in the ED, his neurologic examination trended toward normal, returning almost to baseline. He was admitted to the hospital for video electroencephalogram, which revealed status epilepticus. After benzodiazepine therapy, epileptic electrical activity ceased and the patient's symptoms resolved.
ASE is a rare condition that is uncommonly described in the pediatric population. These patients are frequently misdiagnosed on initial presentation as their alteration in mental status can be easily confused with ingestion, trauma, psychiatric illness, or infectious etiologies. Overturning the long-standing emergency dogma of “if they're talking to you, it's not a seizure” is undoubtedly difficult, but both pediatric and adult providers should be aware of this clinical entity. Keywords: altered mental status; absence seizure; status epilepticus; pediatric emergency