Green HPLC–DAD method for the analysis of analgesic and antihistamine drugs adulterated in herbal mixtures

• Published in: Green Analytical Chemistry Vol. 9; p. 100116
• Main Authors: Minh, Dao Thi Cam, Thi, Le Anh, Thuy, Tran Thi Thu, Anh, Nguyen Thi Kieu, Ha, Pham Thi Thanh, Hanh, Tran Thuy, Phong, Nguyen Hai, Chung, Huynh Van
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01-06-2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: cetirizine hydrochloride, cinnarizine, chlorpheniramine maleate; Chromatography; ComplexGAPI, AGREE, BAGI; Green analysis; HPLC-DAD; Green analysis; HPLC-DAD; cetirizine hydrochloride, cinnarizine, chlorpheniramine maleate; ComplexGAPI, AGREE, BAGI; Chromatography
• ISSN: 2772-5774; 2772-5774
• DOI: 10.1016/j.greeac.2024.100116

•Simultaneous quantification of Paracetamol, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Cetirizine Hydrochloride, Loratadine and Cinnarizine by green HPLC-DAD method.•The ecological scale and Complementary green analytics procedure index (ComplexGAPI) were used to evaluate the proposed process.•There were two drugs, Paracetamol and Chlorpheniramine maleate, that were found to be adulterated in 9 herbal products in which 32 samples collected.•The environmental impact of modern HPLC-DAD techniques was evaluated by assessing their greenness using the analytical greenness (AGREE) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) software.
This study presents a HPLC-DAD method developed for the simultaneous detection of histamine H1 antagonist drugs and analgesic compounds, including paracetamol, cetirizine hydrochloride, cinnarizine, chlorpheniramine maleate, and loratadine, in herbal formulations. This method systematically investigates critical parameters for enhancing separation and quantification using HPLC-DAD. Chemometric techniques were employed to optimize the method for detecting adulterants, with sample preparation involving liquid-phase extraction and a mobile phase for separation using HPLC-DAD. The calibration curves were linear over concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 µg/mL, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. The method exhibits good accuracy, with mean recoveries ranging from 90 to 105 %, and precision (% RSD) for intraday and interday precision: 0.71 to 2.94 %. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for each compound are provided. The HPLC-DAD method ensures rigorous quality control, detecting potential adulteration in 32 traditional medicine samples and emphasizing its safety and efficacy in managing allergic conditions. The proposed approach is considered environmentally friendly based on evaluations from commonly used greenness assessment tools, Green analytical chemistry metrics (ComplexGAPI, AGREE, BAGI) confirm the method's sustainability and practicality.
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