Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye by hydrothermally synthesized graphene nanodots (GNDs): investigation of kinetics and thermodynamics

• Published in: RSC advances Vol. 14; no. 33; pp. 23973 - 23986
• Main Authors: Jamil, Saba, Afzal, Rabia, Khan, Shanza Rauf, Shabbir, Mehwish, Alhokbany, Norah, Li, Songnan, Saeed Ashraf Janjua, Muhammad Ramzan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Royal Society of Chemistry 26-07-2024; The Royal Society of Chemistry
• Subjects: Catalysts; Chemistry; Control equipment; Correlation analysis; Dependent variables; Dyes; Functional groups; Graphene; Hydrothermal treatment; Independent variables; Indigo; Kinetics; Morphology; Parameter identification; Photodegradation; Reaction kinetics; Regression coefficients; Scale (corrosion); Statistical analysis; Synthesis; Thermodynamics
• DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02476a
• EISSN: 2046-2069

Graphene nano dots (GNDs) are an intriguing emerging class of materials at the nano scale with distinctive characteristics and exciting potential applications. Graphene oxide was synthesized in a lab setting using a modified version of Hummers' approach and used as a precursor for synthesis of graphene nano dots. Graphene oxide is then treated through hydrothermal treatment to produce GNDs with exact control over their size and form. Synthesized graphene nano dots were subjected to various instruments to study morphology, crystallinity, size and other properties. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to detect the maximum absorbance of light. For functional group identification, FTIR analysis was conducted. X-ray diffraction analysis explained structural composition and various other parameters
, crystal size and diameter, which was further verified by Vesta software. Surface morphology of GNDs was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. AFM analysis of GNDs demonstrates the topography of the surface. The photo degradation of the indigo carmine dye by the GNDs also demonstrates their superiority as UV-visible light driven photo catalysts. To evaluate the results, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the degradation reactions are examined. The effects of several factors, such as temperature, initial concentration, time, pH and catalyst concentration, are also investigated. The data will be analyzed statistically by regression and correlation analysis using dependent and independent variables, regression coefficient and other statistical techniques.