Smartphone Technology to Facilitate Remote Postural Balance Assessment in Acute Concussion Management: Pilot Study

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 21; p. 6870
• Main Authors: Tirosh, Oren, Klonis, Jaymee, Hamilton, Megan, Olver, John, Wickramasinghe, Nilmini, Mckenzie, Dean, El-Ansary, Doa, Williams, Gavin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 26-10-2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Balance; Brain; Clinical medicine; Concussion; Gait; Pilot projects; Posture; remote assessment; return to sport; Sensors; Signal processing; Smart phones; smartphone; Smartphones; Telemedicine; Traumatic brain injury; Walking; Web browsers
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24216870

Impaired balance is a key symptom following acute concussion. Unfortunately, the recommended clinical balance assessment lacks sensitivity and discriminative ability, relying on the experience of the clinician for interpretation. The aim of this pilot study is to explore smartphone technology to remotely assess balance impairment in people with acute concussion. A smartphone app was developed to allow the clinician to connect remotely using their personal web browser to the participant’s smartphone and collect motion data while instructing the participant to perform the following balance tests: standing on firm and foam surface with eyes opened and closed (FIRMEO, FIRMEC, FOAMEO, and FOAMEC). Outcome measures were processed from the raw acceleration to calculate the average acceleration magnitude from the mean and the root-mean square, with greater values indicating more sway. Eleven healthy controls (HCs) and 11 people with concussion (CON) participated. In all sway measurements, the CON group had significantly (p < 0.05) greater values when standing on a firm surface. In the FOAMEC condition, the CON group had significantly (p < 0.05) greater sway measures only in the AP direction, while significantly greater sway in all directions were found in the CON group in the FOAMEO condition. This study shows that remote balance assessment using a smartphone can discriminate between healthy controls and people with acute concussion. This technology could play an important role in concussion management to assist with determining recovery from concussions and the optimal timing for return to sport.