Leveraging complex event processing for monitoring and automatically detecting anomalies in Ethereum-based blockchain networks
Blockchain is a relatively recent technology that provides immutability, traceability and transparency of information, thus building trust in the digital society. Blockchain networks generate a large amount of logs which capture and describe data flowing through the network in the form of transactio...
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| Published in: | Computer standards and interfaces Vol. 91; p. 103882 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01-01-2025
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| Abstract | Blockchain is a relatively recent technology that provides immutability, traceability and transparency of information, thus building trust in the digital society. Blockchain networks generate a large amount of logs which capture and describe data flowing through the network in the form of transactions, blocks and events. Monitoring these blockchain data from the off-chain world is needed to detect anomalies with the aim of mitigating the risks that may arise as a result of using blockchain technology. However, the real-time monitoring of these logs by off-chain systems has become a challenge from the beginning of 2018 when the blockchain networks reached a high number of daily transactions. In this paper, we propose a portable, maintainable and easily configurable architecture integrating blockchain and complex event processing technologies that allows for both the real-time monitoring of logs generated in Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-compatible blockchain networks and the automatic detection of anomalies in these networks by matching event patterns. This architecture was tested by using vast amounts of blockchain data already publicly registered in Ethereum and Polygon networks. The results demonstrate that the proposed architecture is able to automatically detect anomalies which occur in different blockchain networks, making analytics of blockchain data possible by off-chain systems.
•A proposal for integrating complex event processing and blockchain.•Developing a portable, maintainable and easily configurable architecture.•Monitoring blockchain data in real time.•Automatically detecting real-time anomalies in a blockchain network.•Providing a user-friendly graphical interface. |
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| AbstractList | Blockchain is a relatively recent technology that provides immutability, traceability and transparency of information, thus building trust in the digital society. Blockchain networks generate a large amount of logs which capture and describe data flowing through the network in the form of transactions, blocks and events. Monitoring these blockchain data from the off-chain world is needed to detect anomalies with the aim of mitigating the risks that may arise as a result of using blockchain technology. However, the real-time monitoring of these logs by off-chain systems has become a challenge from the beginning of 2018 when the blockchain networks reached a high number of daily transactions. In this paper, we propose a portable, maintainable and easily configurable architecture integrating blockchain and complex event processing technologies that allows for both the real-time monitoring of logs generated in Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-compatible blockchain networks and the automatic detection of anomalies in these networks by matching event patterns. This architecture was tested by using vast amounts of blockchain data already publicly registered in Ethereum and Polygon networks. The results demonstrate that the proposed architecture is able to automatically detect anomalies which occur in different blockchain networks, making analytics of blockchain data possible by off-chain systems.
•A proposal for integrating complex event processing and blockchain.•Developing a portable, maintainable and easily configurable architecture.•Monitoring blockchain data in real time.•Automatically detecting real-time anomalies in a blockchain network.•Providing a user-friendly graphical interface. |
| ArticleNumber | 103882 |
| Author | Lagares-Galán, Jesús Rosa-Bilbao, Jesús Boubeta-Puig, Juan Vella, Mark |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jesús orcidid: 0000-0002-4378-5229 surname: Rosa-Bilbao fullname: Rosa-Bilbao, Jesús organization: UCASE Software Engineering Research Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda. de la Universidad de Cádiz 10, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Juan orcidid: 0000-0002-8989-7509 surname: Boubeta-Puig fullname: Boubeta-Puig, Juan email: juan.boubeta@uca.es organization: UCASE Software Engineering Research Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda. de la Universidad de Cádiz 10, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: Jesús orcidid: 0000-0002-4434-9816 surname: Lagares-Galán fullname: Lagares-Galán, Jesús organization: School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda. de la Universidad de Cádiz 10, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Mark surname: Vella fullname: Vella, Mark organization: Department of Computer Science, University of Malta, Msida 2080, Malta |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106631 10.1109/MNET.2019.1800271 10.1007/s11518-021-5496-2 10.1111/exsy.12762 10.1109/MCE.2017.2776459 10.3390/s21248320 10.1109/TEM.2019.2956897 10.1016/j.csi.2024.103882 10.1016/j.knosys.2015.06.021 10.1016/j.csi.2019.103407 10.1016/j.future.2021.08.023 10.1016/j.csi.2022.103676 10.1109/TSE.2021.3065584 10.1109/TDSC.2019.2910058 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3065631 10.1109/TDSC.2020.2979856 10.1007/s00521-020-05189-8 10.1016/j.csi.2021.103517 10.1016/j.csi.2021.103597 10.1016/j.csi.2021.103605 10.1109/TEM.2020.2971858 10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.056 10.1016/j.csi.2021.103604 10.1016/j.knosys.2020.106682 |
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| Keywords | Smart contract Anomaly Blockchain Complex event processing Ethereum |
| Language | English |
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