Survey of biomechanical aspects of arthropod terrestrialisation – Substrate bound legged locomotion

• Published in: Arthropod structure & development Vol. 59; p. 100983
• Main Author: Weihmann, Tom
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-11-2020
• Subjects: Animals; Arthropods - anatomy & histology; Arthropods - physiology; Biological Evolution; Biomechanical Phenomena; Ecological transitions; Ecosystem; Evolutionary constraints; Locomotion; Miniaturization; Physical constraints; Polypedal locomotion; Polypedal locomotion; Miniaturization; Ecological transitions; Evolutionary constraints; Physical constraints
• ISSN: 1467-8039; 1873-5495
• DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100983

Arthropods are the most diverse clade on earth with regard to both species number and variability of body plans. Their general body plan is characterised by variable numbers of legs, and many-legged locomotion is an essential aspect of many aquatic and terrestrial arthropod species. Moreover, arthropods belong to the first groups of animals to colonise subaerial habitats, and they did so repeatedly and independently in a couple of clades. Those arthropod clades that colonised land habitats were equipped with highly variable body plans and locomotor apparatuses. Proceeding from their respective specific anatomies, they were challenged with strongly changing environmental conditions as well as altered physical and physiological constraints. This review explores the transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats across the different arthropod body plans and explains the major mechanisms and principles that constrain design and function of a range of locomotor apparatuses. Important aspects of movement physiology addressed here include the effects of different numbers of legs, different body sizes, miniaturisation and simplification of body plans and different ratios of inertial and damping forces. The article's focus is on continuous legged locomotion, but related ecological and behavioural aspects are also taken into account.
•The manuscript provides a comprehensive approach on biomechanical principles underlying arthropod terrestrialisation.•All major clades and body plans are covered.•Major constraints imposed by ecology and physical interactions with the environment are taken into account.