The Risk of Persistent Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia: A Report From Developing Country

• Published in: Curēus (Palo Alto, CA) Vol. 15; no. 12; p. e50488
• Main Authors: Ernawati, Ernawati, Aditiawarman, Aditiawarman, Sulistyono, Agus, Hasanah, Kamalia, Ridfah, Salsabilah N, Akbar, M Ilham A, Dachlan, Erry Gumilar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Cureus Inc 13-12-2023
• Subjects: Blood pressure; Body mass index; Creatinine; Developing countries; Diabetes; Fetuses; Gestational age; Hypertension; Kidney diseases; LDCs; Maternal mortality; Medical records; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy; Womens health; Indonesia; chronic kidney disease; late-onset preeclampsia; long term effect; persistent hypertension; early-onset preeclampsia
• DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50488
• EISSN: 2168-8184

Preeclampsia (PE) has been disproportionately prevalent in developing countries and constitutes a leading cause of maternal mortality, and also has long-term impacts, including renal consequences. This study aimed to explore the risk of persistent hypertension and kidney failure in early-onset PE (EOP) and late-onset PE (LOP) in the five years after delivery.
This retrospective cohort study included women with a prior history of severe PE or normotensive pregnancy admitted to tertiary hospitals in Indonesia. The blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), urea, creatinine serum, and protein urine were analyzed, and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after five years was performed using the Kidney Disease Improvement Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification.
Twenty-seven EOP, 35 LOP, and 30 normotensive cases were included. Mean blood pressure after five years was recorded as 115.6 ± 14.25 mmHg in the normotensive group, 131.82 ± 19.34 mmHg in the LOP group, and 154.96 ± 23.48 mmHg in the EOP group. According to the KDIGO classification, the normotensive group had an average 10% risk of CKD, but severe PE had a risk of CKD greater than 90%. In the severe PE group, the risk of CKD was 20.94 times higher compared to normotensive women (OR 20.94; 95% CI 2.67-163.72, p = 0.004). The risk of CKD in the EOP group was 6.75 times higher than in the LOP group (OR 6.75; 95% CI 2.19-20.76, p = 0.001), whereas persistent hypertension in the EOP group was 5.78 times higher than in the LOP group (OR 5.78; 95% CI 1.91-17.395, p = 0.002).
PE women have a higher risk of CKD than normotensive women. Women with a history of EOP are more likely to develop persistent hypertension and CKD than women with a prior LOP history.