Cascade of care for substance use and mental health disorders for justice-involved populations

• Published in: Journal of substance use and addiction treatment Vol. 167; p. 209488
• Main Authors: Clark, Kendra J., Viglione, Jill, Sneed, Rodlescia, Ramezani, Niloofar, Taxman, Faye S., Johnson, Jennifer E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-12-2024
• Subjects: Cascade of care; Mental health disorder; Substance use disorder; Substance use disorder; Mental health disorder; Cascade of care
• ISSN: 2949-8759; 2949-8759
• DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209488

Justice-involved populations have dramatically higher rates of substance use disorders (SUD) and mental health disorders (MHD) compared to the general population. Despite high rates of SUD and MHD, treatment for this population is often limited and not evidence-based. The cascade of care model estimates drop-offs in the continuum of care from screening to identification of need, referral, care initiation, care engagement, and care completion. Recently, healthcare providers have utilized the cascade of care to improve the continuity of care for people with SUD and MHD in justice settings. The purpose of the current study is to 1) identify typologies that explain the proportion of new intakes that pass through each level of the cascade of care for SUD and MHD, and 2) describe agency-level factors that predict typology assignments and agency ability to assess client flow through the levels of the care cascade.
Using Latent Class Analysis, we classify 791 agencies serving justice-involved individuals into typologies according to utilization of each stage in the mental health and substance cascades of care. Then, we examined county and agency characteristics that affect three stages of the cascade process: identification of need for behavioral health services, referrals to appropriate services, and treatment initiation. We build on previous work by exploring these patterns for both SUD and MHD treatment.
The study identified four SUD/MHD treatment patterns: Low Access, SUD-Focused, High Need-High Access, and Lower Need-High Access classes. Factors influencing typology alignment include location, specialized staff availability, warm hand-off coordination, Medicaid reimbursement, and performance measure tracking. Thirty-nine percent (39 %) of agencies could not be classified because they were unable to report their rate of care along the cascade measures.
Focusing on factors influencing typology assignment can help counties in assessing service delivery, identifying barriers, and targeting areas for improvements in policies and practices, potentially facilitating long-term changes and overall improvement in the care of individuals with mental health and substance use disorders. Identification of these factors and typologies can improve mental health treatment and access in counties and agencies with large resource barriers or limited attention to mental health treatment.
•Agencies serving justice-involved populations fall into 1 of 4 typologies for providing substance use and mental health care.•Factors influencing typology alignment include location and specialized staffing to hand-off coordination and data tracking.•Thirty-nine percent (39 %) of agencies were unable to report their rate of care along the cascade measures.•None of the agencies reported a dominant use of MHD-focused cascade of care.