Processos de Desenvolvimento do Raciocínio Clínico em Estudantes de Medicina
RESUMO O raciocínio clínico se refere ao processo cognitivo, através do qual, o médico é capaz de estabelecer o diagnóstico correto e propor uma conduta adequada frente a um problema clínico encontrado. Apesar da grande evolução do conhecimento médico ao longo dos tempos, a prática clínica é ainda h...
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Published in: | Revista brasileira de educação médica Vol. 42; no. 1; pp. 75 - 83 |
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Abstract | RESUMO O raciocínio clínico se refere ao processo cognitivo, através do qual, o médico é capaz de estabelecer o diagnóstico correto e propor uma conduta adequada frente a um problema clínico encontrado. Apesar da grande evolução do conhecimento médico ao longo dos tempos, a prática clínica é ainda hoje, muito dependente da habilidade profissional de elaborar um diagnóstico correto e, a partir deste, definir a melhor conduta. Trabalhos recentes vêm demonstrando que erros diagnósticos constituem fonte de doenças evitáveis e morte, promovendo prejuízos clínicos e financeiros a pacientes, familiares e à nação. As escolas médicas e seus docentes têm o desafio de facilitar a aquisição desta competência pelos estudantes, pois, trata-se de um dos maiores atributos a ser desenvolvido durante o curso médico. Nas últimas três décadas, os processos envolvidos no aprendizado e desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico vêm sendo estudados e muito já se sabe sobre as fases envolvidas na formação desta importante habilidade. Teorias e estudos cognitivos sobre a formação e o uso da memória podem ser encontrados em diversas áreas do conhecimento. No entanto, pouco material existe com uma discussão direcionada para o ensino médico. Este é um dos objetivos deste artigo, apresentar uma revisão das principais teorias e pesquisas sobre os processos do desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico, fornecendo aos professores um material que permita a compreensão desta fascinante área do ensino médico. Espera-se assim, contribuir para a formação docente, estimular o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em educação médica e fornecer subsídio técnico para o planejamento de estratégias instrucionais orientadas pelos princípios do aprendizado do raciocínio clínico. Para facilitar a compreensão, as teorias serão apresentadas em tópicos. No entanto, uma vez que o raciocínio clínico é uma atividade cognitiva complexa, é importante lembrar que os mecanismos propostos em cada tópico apresentam fatores que se sobrepõem e muitas vezes ocorrem simultaneamente.
ABSTRACT Clinical reasoning refers to the cognitive process by which the physician is able to provide a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment for a clinical problem. Despite the great medical knowledge evolution over the time, clinical practice is still very dependent on professional ability to make a correct diagnosis. Studies have shown that diagnostic errors are an important source of preventable diseases and death, promoting clinical and financial damage to patients, families and nation. Medical schools and teachers face the challenge of promoting the development of this competence in medical students as it is one of the greatest attributes to be developed during medical school. In the last three decades, the processes involved in learning and developing clinical reasoning have been studied and now much is known about the stages involved in the formation of this important skill. Theories and cognitive studies on memory building and function can be found in several areas of knowledge, however, little information exists with a discussion focused on medical education. The aim of this work is present a review of the main theories and researches on clinical reasoning, providing teachers with a comprehensive review that allows understanding this fascinating medical education area. It is hoped, to offer a contribution on medical education, providing medical teachers with technical material for planning their instructional strategies guided by clinical reasoning learning principles and stimulate research on medical education. To favor comprehension, the theories will be presented by topics, however, since clinical reasoning is a complex cognitive activity, it is important remember that the information proposed in each topic have factors that overlap and often occur simultaneously. |
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AbstractList | RESUMO O raciocínio clínico se refere ao processo cognitivo, através do qual, o médico é capaz de estabelecer o diagnóstico correto e propor uma conduta adequada frente a um problema clínico encontrado. Apesar da grande evolução do conhecimento médico ao longo dos tempos, a prática clínica é ainda hoje, muito dependente da habilidade profissional de elaborar um diagnóstico correto e, a partir deste, definir a melhor conduta. Trabalhos recentes vêm demonstrando que erros diagnósticos constituem fonte de doenças evitáveis e morte, promovendo prejuízos clínicos e financeiros a pacientes, familiares e à nação. As escolas médicas e seus docentes têm o desafio de facilitar a aquisição desta competência pelos estudantes, pois, trata-se de um dos maiores atributos a ser desenvolvido durante o curso médico. Nas últimas três décadas, os processos envolvidos no aprendizado e desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico vêm sendo estudados e muito já se sabe sobre as fases envolvidas na formação desta importante habilidade. Teorias e estudos cognitivos sobre a formação e o uso da memória podem ser encontrados em diversas áreas do conhecimento. No entanto, pouco material existe com uma discussão direcionada para o ensino médico. Este é um dos objetivos deste artigo, apresentar uma revisão das principais teorias e pesquisas sobre os processos do desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico, fornecendo aos professores um material que permita a compreensão desta fascinante área do ensino médico. Espera-se assim, contribuir para a formação docente, estimular o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em educação médica e fornecer subsídio técnico para o planejamento de estratégias instrucionais orientadas pelos princípios do aprendizado do raciocínio clínico. Para facilitar a compreensão, as teorias serão apresentadas em tópicos. No entanto, uma vez que o raciocínio clínico é uma atividade cognitiva complexa, é importante lembrar que os mecanismos propostos em cada tópico apresentam fatores que se sobrepõem e muitas vezes ocorrem simultaneamente.
ABSTRACT Clinical reasoning refers to the cognitive process by which the physician is able to provide a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment for a clinical problem. Despite the great medical knowledge evolution over the time, clinical practice is still very dependent on professional ability to make a correct diagnosis. Studies have shown that diagnostic errors are an important source of preventable diseases and death, promoting clinical and financial damage to patients, families and nation. Medical schools and teachers face the challenge of promoting the development of this competence in medical students as it is one of the greatest attributes to be developed during medical school. In the last three decades, the processes involved in learning and developing clinical reasoning have been studied and now much is known about the stages involved in the formation of this important skill. Theories and cognitive studies on memory building and function can be found in several areas of knowledge, however, little information exists with a discussion focused on medical education. The aim of this work is present a review of the main theories and researches on clinical reasoning, providing teachers with a comprehensive review that allows understanding this fascinating medical education area. It is hoped, to offer a contribution on medical education, providing medical teachers with technical material for planning their instructional strategies guided by clinical reasoning learning principles and stimulate research on medical education. To favor comprehension, the theories will be presented by topics, however, since clinical reasoning is a complex cognitive activity, it is important remember that the information proposed in each topic have factors that overlap and often occur simultaneously. RESUMO O raciocínio clínico se refere ao processo cognitivo, através do qual, o médico é capaz de estabelecer o diagnóstico correto e propor uma conduta adequada frente a um problema clínico encontrado. Apesar da grande evolução do conhecimento médico ao longo dos tempos, a prática clínica é ainda hoje, muito dependente da habilidade profissional de elaborar um diagnóstico correto e, a partir deste, definir a melhor conduta. Trabalhos recentes vêm demonstrando que erros diagnósticos constituem fonte de doenças evitáveis e morte, promovendo prejuízos clínicos e financeiros a pacientes, familiares e à nação. As escolas médicas e seus docentes têm o desafio de facilitar a aquisição desta competência pelos estudantes, pois, trata-se de um dos maiores atributos a ser desenvolvido durante o curso médico. Nas últimas três décadas, os processos envolvidos no aprendizado e desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico vêm sendo estudados e muito já se sabe sobre as fases envolvidas na formação desta importante habilidade. Teorias e estudos cognitivos sobre a formação e o uso da memória podem ser encontrados em diversas áreas do conhecimento. No entanto, pouco material existe com uma discussão direcionada para o ensino médico. Este é um dos objetivos deste artigo, apresentar uma revisão das principais teorias e pesquisas sobre os processos do desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico, fornecendo aos professores um material que permita a compreensão desta fascinante área do ensino médico. Espera-se assim, contribuir para a formação docente, estimular o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em educação médica e fornecer subsídio técnico para o planejamento de estratégias instrucionais orientadas pelos princípios do aprendizado do raciocínio clínico. Para facilitar a compreensão, as teorias serão apresentadas em tópicos. No entanto, uma vez que o raciocínio clínico é uma atividade cognitiva complexa, é importante lembrar que os mecanismos propostos em cada tópico apresentam fatores que se sobrepõem e muitas vezes ocorrem simultaneamente. |
Author | Santos, Silvana Maria Elói Peixoto, José Maria Faria, Rosa Malena Delbone de |
AuthorAffiliation | Universidade José do Rosário Vellano Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – name: Universidade José do Rosário Vellano |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: José Maria surname: Peixoto fullname: Peixoto, José Maria organization: Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Brasil – sequence: 2 givenname: Silvana Maria Elói surname: Santos fullname: Santos, Silvana Maria Elói organization: Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Brasil – sequence: 3 givenname: Rosa Malena Delbone de surname: Faria fullname: Faria, Rosa Malena Delbone de organization: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil |
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Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02127.x 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000076 10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80048-2 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.025 10.3109/0142159X.2014.889290 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03498.x 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02924.x 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.12.002 10.1207/s15326950dp3801_1 10.1111/medu.12775 10.1056/NEJMra054782 10.1177/1529100612453266 10.1056/NEJMp1508044 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.03933.x 10.1097/00001888-199808000-00015 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01972.x 10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04217.x 10.1590/S0004-282X2007000300022 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829a3b10 10.1007/BF01323044 10.1111/medu.12435 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90304-6 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02911.x 10.33588/fem.91.105 |
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Keywords | Learning Medical students Estudantes de medicina Educação médica Aprendizagem Diagnóstico clínico Medical education Clinical diagnosis |
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