Papel do ecocardiograma transesofágico na avaliação e orientação terapêutica dos doentes com evento cerebral isquémico agudo até aos 65 anos de idade
O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíac...
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Published in: | Revista portuguesa de cardiologia Vol. 30; no. 7; pp. 643 - 648 |
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Abstract | O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíacas de embolização. No entanto, o seu papel na orientação terapêutica tem sido mais controverso.
Analisar os dados obtidos pelo ETE na avaliação diagnóstica dos doentes internados com AVC, assim como a influência dos mesmos na orientação terapêutica.
Estudo retrospectivo de doentes com AVC ou acidente isquémico transitório (AIT) até aos 65 anos, sem diagnóstico após ecodoppler dos vasos do pescoço, electrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), submetidos à realização de ETE entre 1992 e 2009. Relativamente aos achados do ETE, foram considerados como potenciais fontes embólicas os seguintes diagnósticos: defeito do septo interauricular (SIA) ou comunicação interauricular;
foramen ovale patente (FOP); aneurisma do SIA (ASIA); vegetação; trombo intracavitário; tumor; placas aórticas > 2
mm (aorta ascendente e arco).
Foram avaliados 294 doentes com idade média de 45 anos, sendo 56,8% do sexo masculino. O ETE diagnosticou potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas em 36,7% dos casos, sendo o FOP e o ASIA os diagnósticos mais frequentes. Ao longo do período avaliado, verificou-se um aumento do número de exames realizados assim como do número de diagnósticos, principalmente de FOP e ASIA. Quando comparados os doentes com achado diagnóstico no ETE com os restantes, verificou-se que os primeiros eram mais idosos e mais frequentemente medicados com hipocoagulação oral. Através de análise multivariada, a presença de um achado diagnóstico no ETE foi confirmada como preditor independente da instituição de hipocoagulação oral (OR
=
2,48; IC 95%: 1,42–4,34; p
=
0,001).
Na população avaliada, o ETE revelou-se útil na pesquisa de potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas e influenciou a subsequente orientação terapêutica.
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality in Portugal, with around 30 to 50 % of cases being of cardioembolic etiology. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has assumed growing importance in the detection of cardiac sources of embolism. However, there is controversy regarding the implications of TEE findings for the therapeutic approach to patients with ischemic stroke.
To analyze TEE findings in the diagnostic work-up of patients with ischemic cerebral events and to determine their influence on therapeutic strategy.
We retrospectively studied patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) before the age of 65, of no apparent cause after carotid ultrasound, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography, who underwent TEE between 1992 and 2009. The following diagnoses on TEE were considered as potential embolic sources: atrial septal defect; patent foramen ovale (PFO); atrial septal aneurysm (ASA); vegetations; tumors; intracavitary thrombi; and aortic plaques >2
mm (ascending aorta and arch).
We analyzed 294 patients, mean age 45 years, 56.8 % men. TEE revealed a potential cardioembolic source in 36.7 % of the patients, PFO and ASA being the most frequent. Throughout the period considered, there was an increase in the number of exams performed, as well as in diagnoses, mainly PFO and ASA. Comparison of patients with and without a diagnosis on TEE showed that the former were older and were more often prescribed oral anticoagulation. By multivariate analysis, the presence of a positive TEE finding was shown to be an independent predictor of treatment with oral anticoagulation (OR=2.48; CI 95%: 1.42–4.34; p=0.001).
In the population under analysis, TEE was useful in identifying potential cardioembolic sources and infl uenced the therapeutic strategy. |
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AbstractList | O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíacas de embolização. No entanto, o seu papel na orientação terapêutica tem sido mais controverso.
Analisar os dados obtidos pelo ETE na avaliação diagnóstica dos doentes internados com AVC, assim como a influência dos mesmos na orientação terapêutica.
Estudo retrospectivo de doentes com AVC ou acidente isquémico transitório (AIT) até aos 65 anos, sem diagnóstico após ecodoppler dos vasos do pescoço, electrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), submetidos à realização de ETE entre 1992 e 2009. Relativamente aos achados do ETE, foram considerados como potenciais fontes embólicas os seguintes diagnósticos: defeito do septo interauricular (SIA) ou comunicação interauricular;
foramen ovale patente (FOP); aneurisma do SIA (ASIA); vegetação; trombo intracavitário; tumor; placas aórticas > 2
mm (aorta ascendente e arco).
Foram avaliados 294 doentes com idade média de 45 anos, sendo 56,8% do sexo masculino. O ETE diagnosticou potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas em 36,7% dos casos, sendo o FOP e o ASIA os diagnósticos mais frequentes. Ao longo do período avaliado, verificou-se um aumento do número de exames realizados assim como do número de diagnósticos, principalmente de FOP e ASIA. Quando comparados os doentes com achado diagnóstico no ETE com os restantes, verificou-se que os primeiros eram mais idosos e mais frequentemente medicados com hipocoagulação oral. Através de análise multivariada, a presença de um achado diagnóstico no ETE foi confirmada como preditor independente da instituição de hipocoagulação oral (OR
=
2,48; IC 95%: 1,42–4,34; p
=
0,001).
Na população avaliada, o ETE revelou-se útil na pesquisa de potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas e influenciou a subsequente orientação terapêutica.
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality in Portugal, with around 30 to 50 % of cases being of cardioembolic etiology. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has assumed growing importance in the detection of cardiac sources of embolism. However, there is controversy regarding the implications of TEE findings for the therapeutic approach to patients with ischemic stroke.
To analyze TEE findings in the diagnostic work-up of patients with ischemic cerebral events and to determine their influence on therapeutic strategy.
We retrospectively studied patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) before the age of 65, of no apparent cause after carotid ultrasound, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography, who underwent TEE between 1992 and 2009. The following diagnoses on TEE were considered as potential embolic sources: atrial septal defect; patent foramen ovale (PFO); atrial septal aneurysm (ASA); vegetations; tumors; intracavitary thrombi; and aortic plaques >2
mm (ascending aorta and arch).
We analyzed 294 patients, mean age 45 years, 56.8 % men. TEE revealed a potential cardioembolic source in 36.7 % of the patients, PFO and ASA being the most frequent. Throughout the period considered, there was an increase in the number of exams performed, as well as in diagnoses, mainly PFO and ASA. Comparison of patients with and without a diagnosis on TEE showed that the former were older and were more often prescribed oral anticoagulation. By multivariate analysis, the presence of a positive TEE finding was shown to be an independent predictor of treatment with oral anticoagulation (OR=2.48; CI 95%: 1.42–4.34; p=0.001).
In the population under analysis, TEE was useful in identifying potential cardioembolic sources and infl uenced the therapeutic strategy. |
Author | Costeira Pereira, António Correia, Adelino Gaspar, António Brandão, Aida Salomé, Nuno Fernandes, Francisco Salgado, Alberto António Mariz, José Simões, Alda Silva, Isabel |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijcard_2014_01_056 crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_123_031797 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jns_2018_01_024 |
Cites_doi | 10.1053/euhj.2001.2293 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 10.1378/chest.08-0720 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.044 10.1097/00001573-200309000-00003 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2006.07.002 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00163-4 10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90322-3 10.1056/NEJM199412013312202 10.1161/01.STR.0000202592.87021.b7 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90705-E 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440140155015 10.1016/j.echo.2006.04.004 |
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DocumentTitleAlternate | Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment and therapeutic management of patients with acute ischemic cerebral events before the age of 65 |
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Keywords | Hipocoagulação oral Cardioembolic source Oral anticoagulation Transesophageal echocardiogram Ecocardiograma transesofágico Fonte embólica cardíaca |
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Is it really necessary? publication-title: Arch Intern Med contributor: fullname: Momah – volume: 4 start-page: 39 year: 2003 end-page: 45 ident: bib16 article-title: Prevalence of structural abnormalities of the atrial septum and their association with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: echocardiographic evaluation in 18 631 patients publication-title: Ital Heart J Suppl contributor: fullname: Greco – volume: 19 start-page: 1165 year: 2006 end-page: 1169 ident: bib5 article-title: Single-vessel versus multivessel territory acute ischemic stroke: value of transesophageal echocardiography in the differentiation of embolic stroke publication-title: J Am Soc Echocardiogr contributor: fullname: Schuele – volume: 26 start-page: 993 year: 2007 end-page: 1006 ident: bib10 article-title: Pesquisa de fonte embólica cardíaca por ecocardiografia transesofágica: revisão da experiência de 12 anos publication-title: Rev Port Cardiol contributor: fullname: Galrinho – volume: 37 start-page: 859 year: 2006 end-page: 864 ident: bib19 article-title: Therapeutic strategies after examination by transesophageal echocardiography in 503 patients with ischemic stroke publication-title: Stroke contributor: fullname: Reinhard – volume: 331 start-page: 1474 year: 1994 end-page: 1479 ident: bib14 article-title: Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke publication-title: N Engl J Med contributor: fullname: Tzourio – volume: 367 start-page: 1747 year: 2006 end-page: 1757 ident: bib1 article-title: Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data publication-title: Lancet contributor: fullname: Ezzati – start-page: 1 year: 2002 end-page: 15 ident: bib3 publication-title: Cerebrovascular disorders contributor: fullname: Kasner – volume: 16 start-page: 1 year: 2007 end-page: 7 ident: bib4 article-title: Should routine echocardiography be performed in all patients with stroke? publication-title: J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis contributor: fullname: Atefy – volume: 18 start-page: 340 year: 2003 end-page: 345 ident: bib7 article-title: Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with stroke publication-title: Curr Opin Cardiol contributor: fullname: Kronzon – volume: 77 start-page: 1202 year: 1996 end-page: 1209 ident: bib12 article-title: Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and correlation with autopsy findings publication-title: Am J Cardiol contributor: fullname: Jansen – volume: 50 start-page: 53 year: 2002 end-page: 61 ident: bib21 article-title: Aortic atheroma: an unknown source of ischemic stroke publication-title: Minerva Cardioangiol contributor: fullname: Tartaglia – volume: 139 start-page: 149 year: 2000 end-page: 152 ident: bib9 article-title: Low incidence of embolic strokes with atrial septal aneurysm: a prospective, long-term study publication-title: Am Heart J contributor: fullname: Charlamb – volume: 22 start-page: 261 year: 2001 end-page: 268 ident: bib15 article-title: Atrial septal aneurysm as a cardioembolic source in adult patients with stroke normal carotid arteries. 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Is it really necessary? publication-title: Arch Intern Med doi: 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440140155015 contributor: fullname: Warner – volume: 19 start-page: 1165 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/S0870-2551(11)70002-6_bib5 article-title: Single-vessel versus multivessel territory acute ischemic stroke: value of transesophageal echocardiography in the differentiation of embolic stroke publication-title: J Am Soc Echocardiogr doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2006.04.004 contributor: fullname: Ulrich |
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Snippet | O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica... |
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SubjectTerms | Cardioembolic source Ecocardiograma transesofágico Fonte embólica cardíaca Hipocoagulação oral Oral anticoagulation Transesophageal echocardiogram |
Title | Papel do ecocardiograma transesofágico na avaliação e orientação terapêutica dos doentes com evento cerebral isquémico agudo até aos 65 anos de idade |
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