Papel do ecocardiograma transesofágico na avaliação e orientação terapêutica dos doentes com evento cerebral isquémico agudo até aos 65 anos de idade

O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíac...

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Published in:Revista portuguesa de cardiologia Vol. 30; no. 7; pp. 643 - 648
Main Authors: Gaspar, António, Silva, Isabel, Costeira Pereira, António, Salomé, Nuno, António Mariz, José, Brandão, Aida, Fernandes, Francisco, Simões, Alda, Salgado, Alberto, Correia, Adelino
Format: Journal Article
Language:Portuguese
Published: Elsevier España 01-07-2011
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Abstract O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíacas de embolização. No entanto, o seu papel na orientação terapêutica tem sido mais controverso. Analisar os dados obtidos pelo ETE na avaliação diagnóstica dos doentes internados com AVC, assim como a influência dos mesmos na orientação terapêutica. Estudo retrospectivo de doentes com AVC ou acidente isquémico transitório (AIT) até aos 65 anos, sem diagnóstico após ecodoppler dos vasos do pescoço, electrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), submetidos à realização de ETE entre 1992 e 2009. Relativamente aos achados do ETE, foram considerados como potenciais fontes embólicas os seguintes diagnósticos: defeito do septo interauricular (SIA) ou comunicação interauricular; foramen ovale patente (FOP); aneurisma do SIA (ASIA); vegetação; trombo intracavitário; tumor; placas aórticas > 2 mm (aorta ascendente e arco). Foram avaliados 294 doentes com idade média de 45 anos, sendo 56,8% do sexo masculino. O ETE diagnosticou potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas em 36,7% dos casos, sendo o FOP e o ASIA os diagnósticos mais frequentes. Ao longo do período avaliado, verificou-se um aumento do número de exames realizados assim como do número de diagnósticos, principalmente de FOP e ASIA. Quando comparados os doentes com achado diagnóstico no ETE com os restantes, verificou-se que os primeiros eram mais idosos e mais frequentemente medicados com hipocoagulação oral. Através de análise multivariada, a presença de um achado diagnóstico no ETE foi confirmada como preditor independente da instituição de hipocoagulação oral (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,42–4,34; p = 0,001). Na população avaliada, o ETE revelou-se útil na pesquisa de potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas e influenciou a subsequente orientação terapêutica. Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality in Portugal, with around 30 to 50 % of cases being of cardioembolic etiology. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has assumed growing importance in the detection of cardiac sources of embolism. However, there is controversy regarding the implications of TEE findings for the therapeutic approach to patients with ischemic stroke. To analyze TEE findings in the diagnostic work-up of patients with ischemic cerebral events and to determine their influence on therapeutic strategy. We retrospectively studied patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) before the age of 65, of no apparent cause after carotid ultrasound, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography, who underwent TEE between 1992 and 2009. The following diagnoses on TEE were considered as potential embolic sources: atrial septal defect; patent foramen ovale (PFO); atrial septal aneurysm (ASA); vegetations; tumors; intracavitary thrombi; and aortic plaques >2 mm (ascending aorta and arch). We analyzed 294 patients, mean age 45 years, 56.8 % men. TEE revealed a potential cardioembolic source in 36.7 % of the patients, PFO and ASA being the most frequent. Throughout the period considered, there was an increase in the number of exams performed, as well as in diagnoses, mainly PFO and ASA. Comparison of patients with and without a diagnosis on TEE showed that the former were older and were more often prescribed oral anticoagulation. By multivariate analysis, the presence of a positive TEE finding was shown to be an independent predictor of treatment with oral anticoagulation (OR=2.48; CI 95%: 1.42–4.34; p=0.001). In the population under analysis, TEE was useful in identifying potential cardioembolic sources and infl uenced the therapeutic strategy.
AbstractList O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíacas de embolização. No entanto, o seu papel na orientação terapêutica tem sido mais controverso. Analisar os dados obtidos pelo ETE na avaliação diagnóstica dos doentes internados com AVC, assim como a influência dos mesmos na orientação terapêutica. Estudo retrospectivo de doentes com AVC ou acidente isquémico transitório (AIT) até aos 65 anos, sem diagnóstico após ecodoppler dos vasos do pescoço, electrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), submetidos à realização de ETE entre 1992 e 2009. Relativamente aos achados do ETE, foram considerados como potenciais fontes embólicas os seguintes diagnósticos: defeito do septo interauricular (SIA) ou comunicação interauricular; foramen ovale patente (FOP); aneurisma do SIA (ASIA); vegetação; trombo intracavitário; tumor; placas aórticas > 2 mm (aorta ascendente e arco). Foram avaliados 294 doentes com idade média de 45 anos, sendo 56,8% do sexo masculino. O ETE diagnosticou potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas em 36,7% dos casos, sendo o FOP e o ASIA os diagnósticos mais frequentes. Ao longo do período avaliado, verificou-se um aumento do número de exames realizados assim como do número de diagnósticos, principalmente de FOP e ASIA. Quando comparados os doentes com achado diagnóstico no ETE com os restantes, verificou-se que os primeiros eram mais idosos e mais frequentemente medicados com hipocoagulação oral. Através de análise multivariada, a presença de um achado diagnóstico no ETE foi confirmada como preditor independente da instituição de hipocoagulação oral (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,42–4,34; p = 0,001). Na população avaliada, o ETE revelou-se útil na pesquisa de potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas e influenciou a subsequente orientação terapêutica. Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality in Portugal, with around 30 to 50 % of cases being of cardioembolic etiology. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has assumed growing importance in the detection of cardiac sources of embolism. However, there is controversy regarding the implications of TEE findings for the therapeutic approach to patients with ischemic stroke. To analyze TEE findings in the diagnostic work-up of patients with ischemic cerebral events and to determine their influence on therapeutic strategy. We retrospectively studied patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) before the age of 65, of no apparent cause after carotid ultrasound, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography, who underwent TEE between 1992 and 2009. The following diagnoses on TEE were considered as potential embolic sources: atrial septal defect; patent foramen ovale (PFO); atrial septal aneurysm (ASA); vegetations; tumors; intracavitary thrombi; and aortic plaques >2 mm (ascending aorta and arch). We analyzed 294 patients, mean age 45 years, 56.8 % men. TEE revealed a potential cardioembolic source in 36.7 % of the patients, PFO and ASA being the most frequent. Throughout the period considered, there was an increase in the number of exams performed, as well as in diagnoses, mainly PFO and ASA. Comparison of patients with and without a diagnosis on TEE showed that the former were older and were more often prescribed oral anticoagulation. By multivariate analysis, the presence of a positive TEE finding was shown to be an independent predictor of treatment with oral anticoagulation (OR=2.48; CI 95%: 1.42–4.34; p=0.001). In the population under analysis, TEE was useful in identifying potential cardioembolic sources and infl uenced the therapeutic strategy.
Author Costeira Pereira, António
Correia, Adelino
Gaspar, António
Brandão, Aida
Salomé, Nuno
Fernandes, Francisco
Salgado, Alberto
António Mariz, José
Simões, Alda
Silva, Isabel
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CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijcard_2014_01_056
crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_123_031797
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jns_2018_01_024
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Copyright 2011 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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Keywords Hipocoagulação oral
Cardioembolic source
Oral anticoagulation
Transesophageal echocardiogram
Ecocardiograma transesofágico
Fonte embólica cardíaca
Language Portuguese
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Snippet O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica...
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SubjectTerms Cardioembolic source
Ecocardiograma transesofágico
Fonte embólica cardíaca
Hipocoagulação oral
Oral anticoagulation
Transesophageal echocardiogram
Title Papel do ecocardiograma transesofágico na avaliação e orientação terapêutica dos doentes com evento cerebral isquémico agudo até aos 65 anos de idade
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0870-2551(11)70002-6
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