Complexidade, leis de escala urbana e perdas na distribuição de água potável: análise da rede de cidades do sul do Brasil

Resumo O fornecimento de água potável às populações urbanas sofre com perdas derivadas tanto de vazamentos como de uso não autorizado. Esse subproduto da urbanização é desproporcionalmente maior em cidades grandes, o que sugere sua origem em mecanismos sociotécnicos complexos cujo comportamento se t...

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Published in:Ambiente construído Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. 65 - 78
Main Authors: Vargas, Júlio Celso Borello, Azevedo, Bárbara Brzezinski
Format: Journal Article
Language:Portuguese
Published: 01-09-2021
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Abstract Resumo O fornecimento de água potável às populações urbanas sofre com perdas derivadas tanto de vazamentos como de uso não autorizado. Esse subproduto da urbanização é desproporcionalmente maior em cidades grandes, o que sugere sua origem em mecanismos sociotécnicos complexos cujo comportamento se torna aparentemente imprevisível à medida que aumenta a atividade social. Com o objetivo de verificar essa hipótese e encontrar regularidades quantitativas entre o tamanho das cidades, o tamanho dos sistemas de distribuição e as perdas, analisamos a rede de municípios do sul do Brasil a partir da “Nova Ciência das Cidades”. Encontramos distribuições estatísticas altamente hierárquicas típicas de sistemas complexos naturais, bem como regimes de escala não lineares entre a população e os indicadores selecionados: expoente < 1para o tamanho da rede (extensão, no de ligações, volume produzido) e > 1 para o volume de perdas. As perdas, coerentemente, apresentaram maior volume per capita conforme aumentou a população, com “retornos crescentes” comparáveis a produtos da atividade social como diplomas universitários ou depósitos bancários. O estudo traz uma visão complementar ao problema das perdas, sugerindo certo grau de previsibilidade em nível regional, podendo assim contribuir para o planejamento e a gestão do fornecimento de água nas cidades brasileiras. Abstract The drinking water supply to urban populations suffers losses caused by leaks, theft and unauthorised use. This by-product of urbanisation is disproportionately greater in large cities, suggesting that it derives from complex socio-technical mechanisms, with apparently unpredictable behaviours as populations and social activities increase. With the purpose of verifying this hypothesis and seek for quantitative regularities between city size, the size of the utilities and the amount of losses, we analysed a network of municipalities in southern Brazil from the perspective of the "New Science of Cities”, using simple statistical techniques. We found highly hierarchical distributions, typical of natural complex systems, as well as non-linear scaling regimes between the cities’ population and the selected indicators: exponent <1 for the water distribution system variables (network extension, households connected, and volume produced) and > 1 for the volume of losses. Water losses, consistently presented higher per capita volumes as the population increased, with “increasing returns” comparable to products of social activity such as university degrees or bank deposits. The study presents a complementary approach to the problem, suggesting a certain degree of predictability of the losses at a regional level that can inform policy-making and support better decisions regarding the supply of drinking water in Brazilian cities.
AbstractList Resumo O fornecimento de água potável às populações urbanas sofre com perdas derivadas tanto de vazamentos como de uso não autorizado. Esse subproduto da urbanização é desproporcionalmente maior em cidades grandes, o que sugere sua origem em mecanismos sociotécnicos complexos cujo comportamento se torna aparentemente imprevisível à medida que aumenta a atividade social. Com o objetivo de verificar essa hipótese e encontrar regularidades quantitativas entre o tamanho das cidades, o tamanho dos sistemas de distribuição e as perdas, analisamos a rede de municípios do sul do Brasil a partir da “Nova Ciência das Cidades”. Encontramos distribuições estatísticas altamente hierárquicas típicas de sistemas complexos naturais, bem como regimes de escala não lineares entre a população e os indicadores selecionados: expoente < 1para o tamanho da rede (extensão, no de ligações, volume produzido) e > 1 para o volume de perdas. As perdas, coerentemente, apresentaram maior volume per capita conforme aumentou a população, com “retornos crescentes” comparáveis a produtos da atividade social como diplomas universitários ou depósitos bancários. O estudo traz uma visão complementar ao problema das perdas, sugerindo certo grau de previsibilidade em nível regional, podendo assim contribuir para o planejamento e a gestão do fornecimento de água nas cidades brasileiras. Abstract The drinking water supply to urban populations suffers losses caused by leaks, theft and unauthorised use. This by-product of urbanisation is disproportionately greater in large cities, suggesting that it derives from complex socio-technical mechanisms, with apparently unpredictable behaviours as populations and social activities increase. With the purpose of verifying this hypothesis and seek for quantitative regularities between city size, the size of the utilities and the amount of losses, we analysed a network of municipalities in southern Brazil from the perspective of the "New Science of Cities”, using simple statistical techniques. We found highly hierarchical distributions, typical of natural complex systems, as well as non-linear scaling regimes between the cities’ population and the selected indicators: exponent <1 for the water distribution system variables (network extension, households connected, and volume produced) and > 1 for the volume of losses. Water losses, consistently presented higher per capita volumes as the population increased, with “increasing returns” comparable to products of social activity such as university degrees or bank deposits. The study presents a complementary approach to the problem, suggesting a certain degree of predictability of the losses at a regional level that can inform policy-making and support better decisions regarding the supply of drinking water in Brazilian cities.
Author Vargas, Júlio Celso Borello
Azevedo, Bárbara Brzezinski
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