Increased Sensitivity to Effort and Perception of Effort in People with Schizophrenia
Motivational deficits in schizophrenia are proposed to be attributable in part to abnormal effort-cost computations, calculations weighing the costs vs. the benefits of actions. Several reports have shown that people with schizophrenia display a reduced willingness to exert effort for monetary rewar...
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| Abstract | Motivational deficits in schizophrenia are proposed to be attributable in part to abnormal effort-cost computations, calculations weighing the costs vs. the benefits of actions. Several reports have shown that people with schizophrenia display a reduced willingness to exert effort for monetary rewards when compared to controls. The primary goal of the current study was to further characterize reduced willingness to exert effort in schizophrenia by determining whether reduced willingness reflects (1) reduced sensitivity to reward, (2) increased sensitivity to effort, or (3) a combination of both.
We assessed effort-cost decision-making in 30 controls and 30 people with schizophrenia, using 2 separate experimental tasks. Critically, one paradigm allowed for independent estimation of effects of reward and effort sensitivity on choice behavior. The other task isolated effort sensitivity by measuring effort in the absence of reward. Clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires were administered to people with schizophrenia to determine negative symptom severity.
Across both tasks, we found evidence for reduced willingness to exert effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. Further, in both paradigms reduced willingness to exert effort was driven by increased sensitivity to effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. In contrast, measures of reward sensitivity did not significantly differ between groups. Surprisingly, we did not find correlations between task variables and measures of negative symptom severity.
These findings further specify prior work by identifying a specific contributory role for increased effort sensitivity in effort-cost decision-making deficits in schizophrenia. |
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| AbstractList | Abstract Objective Motivational deficits in schizophrenia are proposed to be attributable in part to abnormal effort-cost computations, calculations weighing the costs vs. the benefits of actions. Several reports have shown that people with schizophrenia display a reduced willingness to exert effort for monetary rewards when compared to controls. The primary goal of the current study was to further characterize reduced willingness to exert effort in schizophrenia by determining whether reduced willingness reflects (1) reduced sensitivity to reward, (2) increased sensitivity to effort, or (3) a combination of both. Design We assessed effort-cost decision-making in 30 controls and 30 people with schizophrenia, using 2 separate experimental tasks. Critically, one paradigm allowed for independent estimation of effects of reward and effort sensitivity on choice behavior. The other task isolated effort sensitivity by measuring effort in the absence of reward. Clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires were administered to people with schizophrenia to determine negative symptom severity. Results Across both tasks, we found evidence for reduced willingness to exert effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. Further, in both paradigms reduced willingness to exert effort was driven by increased sensitivity to effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. In contrast, measures of reward sensitivity did not significantly differ between groups. Surprisingly, we did not find correlations between task variables and measures of negative symptom severity. Conclusions and Relevance These findings further specify prior work by identifying a specific contributory role for increased effort sensitivity in effort-cost decision-making deficits in schizophrenia. Motivational deficits in schizophrenia are proposed to be attributable in part to abnormal effort-cost computations, calculations weighing the costs vs. the benefits of actions. Several reports have shown that people with schizophrenia display a reduced willingness to exert effort for monetary rewards when compared to controls. The primary goal of the current study was to further characterize reduced willingness to exert effort in schizophrenia by determining whether reduced willingness reflects (1) reduced sensitivity to reward, (2) increased sensitivity to effort, or (3) a combination of both. We assessed effort-cost decision-making in 30 controls and 30 people with schizophrenia, using 2 separate experimental tasks. Critically, one paradigm allowed for independent estimation of effects of reward and effort sensitivity on choice behavior. The other task isolated effort sensitivity by measuring effort in the absence of reward. Clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires were administered to people with schizophrenia to determine negative symptom severity. Across both tasks, we found evidence for reduced willingness to exert effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. Further, in both paradigms reduced willingness to exert effort was driven by increased sensitivity to effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. In contrast, measures of reward sensitivity did not significantly differ between groups. Surprisingly, we did not find correlations between task variables and measures of negative symptom severity. These findings further specify prior work by identifying a specific contributory role for increased effort sensitivity in effort-cost decision-making deficits in schizophrenia. Motivational deficits in schizophrenia are proposed to be attributable in part to abnormal effort-cost computations, calculations weighing the costs vs. the benefits of actions. Several reports have shown that people with schizophrenia display a reduced willingness to exert effort for monetary rewards when compared to controls. The primary goal of the current study was to further characterize reduced willingness to exert effort in schizophrenia by determining whether reduced willingness reflects (1) reduced sensitivity to reward, (2) increased sensitivity to effort, or (3) a combination of both.OBJECTIVEMotivational deficits in schizophrenia are proposed to be attributable in part to abnormal effort-cost computations, calculations weighing the costs vs. the benefits of actions. Several reports have shown that people with schizophrenia display a reduced willingness to exert effort for monetary rewards when compared to controls. The primary goal of the current study was to further characterize reduced willingness to exert effort in schizophrenia by determining whether reduced willingness reflects (1) reduced sensitivity to reward, (2) increased sensitivity to effort, or (3) a combination of both.We assessed effort-cost decision-making in 30 controls and 30 people with schizophrenia, using 2 separate experimental tasks. Critically, one paradigm allowed for independent estimation of effects of reward and effort sensitivity on choice behavior. The other task isolated effort sensitivity by measuring effort in the absence of reward. Clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires were administered to people with schizophrenia to determine negative symptom severity.DESIGNWe assessed effort-cost decision-making in 30 controls and 30 people with schizophrenia, using 2 separate experimental tasks. Critically, one paradigm allowed for independent estimation of effects of reward and effort sensitivity on choice behavior. The other task isolated effort sensitivity by measuring effort in the absence of reward. Clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires were administered to people with schizophrenia to determine negative symptom severity.Across both tasks, we found evidence for reduced willingness to exert effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. Further, in both paradigms reduced willingness to exert effort was driven by increased sensitivity to effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. In contrast, measures of reward sensitivity did not significantly differ between groups. Surprisingly, we did not find correlations between task variables and measures of negative symptom severity.RESULTSAcross both tasks, we found evidence for reduced willingness to exert effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. Further, in both paradigms reduced willingness to exert effort was driven by increased sensitivity to effort in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. In contrast, measures of reward sensitivity did not significantly differ between groups. Surprisingly, we did not find correlations between task variables and measures of negative symptom severity.These findings further specify prior work by identifying a specific contributory role for increased effort sensitivity in effort-cost decision-making deficits in schizophrenia.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThese findings further specify prior work by identifying a specific contributory role for increased effort sensitivity in effort-cost decision-making deficits in schizophrenia. |
| Author | Chib, Vikram S Culbreth, Adam J Manohar, Sanjay G Riaz, Safa S Gold, James M Waltz, James A Husain, Masud |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Adam J orcidid: 0000-0003-2568-8780 surname: Culbreth fullname: Culbreth, Adam J organization: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Vikram S surname: Chib fullname: Chib, Vikram S organization: Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Safa S surname: Riaz fullname: Riaz, Safa S organization: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Sanjay G surname: Manohar fullname: Manohar, Sanjay G organization: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, United Kingdom – sequence: 5 givenname: Masud orcidid: 0000-0002-6850-9255 surname: Husain fullname: Husain, Masud organization: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, United Kingdom – sequence: 6 givenname: James A orcidid: 0000-0002-9236-3719 surname: Waltz fullname: Waltz, James A organization: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States – sequence: 7 givenname: James M orcidid: 0000-0002-0109-9554 surname: Gold fullname: Gold, James M organization: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39312272$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0553 10.1371/journal.pone.0006598 10.1093/schbul/sbad155 10.1037/abn0000509 10.3758/s13415-014-0308-5 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.709753 10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.12.003 10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.022 10.1093/brain/awy110 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010109 10.1073/pnas.1507527112 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.005 10.1037/abn0000240 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.04.007 10.1093/brain/awab013 10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.001 10.1093/schbul/sbv089 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V 10.1093/schbul/sbv090 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.003 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.532 10.1037/abn0000443 10.1093/schbul/sbu026 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.001 10.1017/S0033291717002525 10.1038/s41467-020-17855-5 10.1176/ajp.149.12.1733 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.017 10.1038/s41380-023-02232-7 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.006 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.023 10.1093/schbul/sbae024 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.024 10.1037/abn0000822 10.1093/cercor/bhy310 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.495 10.1037/a0036299 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.07.008 |
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| Keywords | cognition reward processing effort-cost decision-making experimental psychopathology motivation negative symptoms effort schizophrenia computational modeling |
| Language | English |
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| References | Gold (2024092315391118700_CIT0040) 2015; 15 Treadway (2024092315391118700_CIT0016) 2015; 161 Kring (2024092315391118700_CIT0031) 2013; 170 Overall (2024092315391118700_CIT0032) 1962; 10 Culbreth (2024092315391118700_CIT0045) 2018; 22 Hogan (2024092315391118700_CIT0037) 2020; 11 Bonnelle (2024092315391118700_CIT0038) 2016; 26 Saleh (2024092315391118700_CIT0018) 2021; 15 Peirce (2024092315391118700_CIT0036) 2019; 51 Dickinson (2024092315391118700_CIT0046) 2007; 64 Gold (2024092315391118700_CIT0004) 2015; 78 Fervaha (2024092315391118700_CIT0005) 2013; 37 Reddy (2024092315391118700_CIT0012) 2015; 41 Barch (2024092315391118700_CIT0008) 2014; 123 Fervaha (2024092315391118700_CIT0015) 2015; 168 Moran (2024092315391118700_CIT0020) 2023; 132 Fortgang (2024092315391118700_CIT0039) 2020; 129 Cooper (2024092315391118700_CIT0042) 2019; 128 Kwon (2024092315391118700_CIT0047) 2023; 8 Culbreth (2024092315391118700_CIT0003) 2018; 48 Fervaha (2024092315391118700_CIT0023) 2013; 47 Llerena (2024092315391118700_CIT0034) 2013; 54 American Psychiatric Association (2024092315391118700_CIT0028) 2013 Gold (2024092315391118700_CIT0007) 2013; 74 Moran (2024092315391118700_CIT0010) 2017; 126 Treadway (2024092315391118700_CIT0022) 2009; 4 Weschler (2024092315391118700_CIT0029) 2001 Saleh (2024092315391118700_CIT0025) 2021; 144 Horan (2024092315391118700_CIT0013) 2015; 41 McCarthy (2024092315391118700_CIT0017) 2016; 170 Keefe (2024092315391118700_CIT0033) 2004; 68 Saleh (2024092315391118700_CIT0019) 2023; 28 Milev (2024092315391118700_CIT0002) 2005; 162 Le Heron (2024092315391118700_CIT0024) 2018; 141 Hogan (2024092315391118700_CIT0027) 2019; 29 Whitton (2024092315391118700_CIT0044) 2024; 50 Marin (2024092315391118700_CIT0035) 1991; 38 Blouzard (2024092315391118700_CIT0006) 2023; 80 Pooresmaeili (2024092315391118700_CIT0026) 2015; 112 Culbreth (2024092315391118700_CIT0043) 2023; 50 Saperia (2024092315391118700_CIT0041) 2023; 8 Bleuler (2024092315391118700_CIT0001) 1992; 149 Wolf (2024092315391118700_CIT0009) 2014; 40 First (2024092315391118700_CIT0030) 2015 Barch (2024092315391118700_CIT0021) 2023; 94 Strauss (2024092315391118700_CIT0014) 2016; 170 Serper (2024092315391118700_CIT0011) 2017; 46 |
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| Title | Increased Sensitivity to Effort and Perception of Effort in People with Schizophrenia |
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