Secular trends in sex ratios at birth in North America and Europe over the second half of the 20th century

Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. Objective: This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th c...

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Published in:	Journal of epidemiology and community health (1979) Vol. 57; no. 8; pp. 612 - 615
Main Authors:	Grech, V, Vassallo-Agius, P, Savona-Ventura, C
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 01-08-2003 BMJ Publishing Group BMJ BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Group
Subjects:	20th century Analysis. Health state Biological and medical sciences birth rate Birth Rate - trends Births Childbirth climate Community health Continents Datasets Epidemiology Europe - epidemiology Female Females General aspects Humans Infant, Newborn Infants Latitude Live births Male Male animals Males Medical sciences North America - epidemiology Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Ratios Regression analysis Reproduction Research Report Secular variations Sex Distribution Sex Ratio Statistics Surveys Trends Vivipary North America Europe America Romania United Kingdom > UK United States > US Spain Greece Canada Netherlands Norway Ireland Finland Denmark Poland Mexico France Germany Sex ratio Birth
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Abstract	Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. Objective: This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. Design, setting, participants: Analysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127 034 732 North American and 157 947 117 European live births. Main outcome measures: Analysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents. Results: The findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40°, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude ≅35–40°, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238 693 and a North American deficit of 954 714 (total male live birth deficit 1 193 407). Conclusions: No reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial.
AbstractList	Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. Objective: This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. Design, setting, participants: Analysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127 034 732 North American and 157 947 117 European live births. Main outcome measures: Analysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents. Results: The findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40°, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude ≅35–40°, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238 693 and a North American deficit of 954 714 (total male live birth deficit 1 193 407). Conclusions: No reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial. Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. Objective: This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. Design, setting, participants: Analysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127 034 732 North American and 157 947 117 European live births. Main outcome measures: Analysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents. Results: The findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40°, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude ≅35–40°, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238 693 and a North American deficit of 954 714 (total male live birth deficit 1 193 407). Conclusions: No reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial. Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. Objective: This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. Design, setting, participants: Analysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127 034 732 North American and 157 947 117 European live births. Main outcome measures: Analysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents. Results: The findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40°, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude≅35-40°, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238 693 and a North American deficit of 954 714 (total male live birth deficit 1 193 407). Conclusions: No reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial. CONTEXTA previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America.OBJECTIVEThis study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century.DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTSAnalysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127034732 North American and 157947117 European live births.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESAnalysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents.RESULTSThe findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40 degrees, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude congruent with 35-40 degrees, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238693 and a North American deficit of 954714 (total male live birth deficit 1193407).CONCLUSIONSNo reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial. Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. Objective: This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. Design, setting, participants: Analysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127 034 732 North American and 157 947 117 European live births. Main outcome measures: Analysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents. Results: The findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40°, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude [congruent with]35-40°, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238 693 and a North American deficit of 954 714 (total male live birth deficit 1 193 407). Conclusions: No reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial. A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed in North America. This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. Analysis was carried out from a World Health Organisation dataset comprising live births over the above period. This included 127034732 North American and 157947117 European live births. Analysis of trends in gender ratios for countries in both continents. The findings show a highly significant overall decline in male births in both Europe and North America (p<0.0001), particularly in Mexico (p<0.0001). Interestingly, in Europe, male births declined in North European countries (latitude>40 degrees, p<0.0001) while rising in Mediterranean countries (latitude congruent with 35-40 degrees, p<0.0001). These trends produced an overall European male live birth deficit 238693 and a North American deficit of 954714 (total male live birth deficit 1193407). No reasonable explanation/s for the observed trends have been identified and the causes for these trends may well be multifactorial.
Audience	Professional
Author	Savona-Ventura, C Grech, V Vassallo-Agius, P
AuthorAffiliation	Paediatric Department, St Luke's Hospital, Guardamangia, Malta. victor.e.grech@govt.mt
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Notes	href:jech-57-612.pdf Correspondence to:  Dr V Grech, Paediatric Department, St Luke’s Hospital, Guardamangia, Malta;   victor.e.grech@govt.mt istex:971A77E227F3B49EBDACEABB8D1349DECDC41F7D PMID:12883068 ark:/67375/NVC-NM3C938T-6 local:0570612 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
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Snippet	Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was... A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was observed... CONTEXTA previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was... Context: A previous study showed that significantly more boys were born in southern latitudes in Europe than in northern latitudes and the converse pattern was...
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SubjectTerms	20th century Analysis. Health state Biological and medical sciences birth rate Birth Rate - trends Births Childbirth climate Community health Continents Datasets Epidemiology Europe - epidemiology Female Females General aspects Humans Infant, Newborn Infants Latitude Live births Male Male animals Males Medical sciences North America - epidemiology Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Ratios Regression analysis Reproduction Research Report Secular variations Sex Distribution Sex Ratio Statistics Surveys Trends Vivipary
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Title	Secular trends in sex ratios at birth in North America and Europe over the second half of the 20th century
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