Assessing the potential cost-effectiveness of centralised versus point-of-care testing for hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: a model-based comparison

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 13; no. 5; p. e066770
• Main Authors: Babigumira, Joseph B, Karichu, James K, Clark, Samantha, Cheng, Mindy M, Garrison, Louis P, Maniecki, Maciej B, Hamid, Saeed S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 04-05-2023; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Antibodies; Cost analysis; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decentralization; Decision trees; Health Economics; Health facilities; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C - diagnosis; Hepatitis C - epidemiology; hepatology; Humans; Infections; Laboratories; Mass Screening; Medical diagnosis; Mortality; Pakistan - epidemiology; Patients; Phlebotomy; Point of care testing; Politics; Population; Public health; Pakistan; hepatology; public health; health economics
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066770

ObjectivesPakistan has a hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection prevalence of 6%–9% and aims to achieve World Health Organisation (WHO) targets for elimination of HCV by the year 2030. We aim to evaluate the potential cost-effectiveness of a reference laboratory-based (centralised laboratory testing; CEN) confirmatory testing approach versus a molecular near-patient point-of-care (POC) confirmatory approach to screen the general population for HCV in Pakistan.Study designWe used a decision tree-analytic model from a governmental (formal healthcare sector) perspective.Study settingIndividuals were assumed to be initially screened with an anti-HCV test at home, followed by POC nucleic acid test (NAT) at nearby district hospitals or followed by NAT at centralised laboratories.ParticipantsWe included the general testing population for chronic HCV in Pakistan.InterventionScreening with an anti-HCV antibody test (Anti-HCV) followed by either POC NAT (Anti-HCV-POC), or reference laboratory NAT (Anti-HCV-CEN), was compared, using data from published literature and the Pakistan Ministry of Health.MeasuresOutcome measures included: number of HCV infections identified per year, percentage of individuals correctly classified, total costs, average costs per individual tested, and cost-effectiveness (assessed as cost per additional HCV infection identified). Sensitivity analysis was also performed.ResultsAt a national level (25 million annual screening tests), the Anti-HCV-CEN strategy would identify 142 406 more HCV infections in 1 year and increase correct classification of individuals by 0.57% compared with the Anti-HCV-POC strategy. The total annual cost of HCV testing was reduced using the Anti-HCV-CEN strategy by US$7.68 million (US$0.31/person). Thus, incrementally, the Anti-HCV-CEN strategy costs less and identifies more HCV infections than Anti-HCV-POC. The incremental difference in HCV infections identified was most sensitive to the probability of loss to follow-up (for POC confirmatory NAT).ConclusionsAnti-HCV-CEN would provide the best value for money when scaling up HCV testing in Pakistan.