DNA metabarcoding reveals broadly overlapping diets in three sympatric North American hummingbirds

• Published in: Ornithology Vol. 139; no. 1; pp. 1 - 14
• Main Authors: Spence, Austin R, Wilson Rankin, Erin E, Tingley, Morgan W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US University of California Press 11-01-2022; Oxford University Press; American Ornithological Society
• Subjects: amplitud de la dieta; Aquatic insects; Archilochus alexandri; Calypte anna; Carbohydrates; Chironomidae; Codification; Community structure; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Diet; diet breadth; dietary niche partitioning; DNA; Feces; Invertebrates; Metabolism; Nectar; Orobanchaceae; partición del nicho de la dieta; Plant resources; Pollinators; Prey; Protein turnover; Rosaceae; Sea level; Selasphorus; Selasphorus calliope; SPECIAL FEATURE: ADVANCES IN AVIAN DIET METHODS AND APPLICATIONS; Species; Structure-function relationships; Sympatric populations; Trochilidae; Urban areas; Vertebrates; United States > US; California; partición del nicho de la dieta; amplitud de la dieta; diet breadth; dietary niche partitioning; Trochilidae
• ISSN: 0004-8038; 2732-4613
• DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukab074

Hummingbirds, a highly diverse avian family, are specialized vertebrate pollinators that feed upon carbohydrate-rich nectar to fuel their fast metabolism while consuming invertebrates to obtain protein. Previous work has found that morphologically diverse hummingbird communities exhibit higher diet specialization on floral resources than morphologically similar hummingbird communities. Due to the difficulties of studying avian diets, we have little understanding whether hummingbirds show similar patterns with their invertebrate prey. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding to analyze floral and invertebrate diets of 3 species of sympatric North American hummingbirds. We collected fecal samples from 89 Anna's (Calypte anna), 39 Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri), and 29 Calliope (Selasphorus calliope) hummingbirds in urban and rural localities as well as across an elevational gradient from sea level to 2,500 meters above sea level in California, USA. We found hummingbirds showed high dietary overlap in both invertebrate and plant resources, with few invertebrate and plant families common to most individuals and many families found in only a few individuals. Chironomidae was the most common invertebrate family across all species, and Rosaceae and Orobanchaceae were the most common plant families. Anna's Hummingbirds had significantly higher invertebrate diet diversity than Black-chinned Hummingbirds when found at the same sites, but we found no difference in plant diet diversity among any of the 3 species. Hummingbirds in urban sites had higher plant diet diversity than in rural sites, but we found no effect of elevation on dietary richness. Our study shows how DNA metabarcoding can be used to non-invasively investigate previously unknown life-histories of well-studied birds, lending insight to community structure, function, and evolution. LAY SUMMARY We used DNA metabarcoding on genetic remnants in feces to identify which kinds of flowering plants and invertebrates (insects and spiders) three North American species of hummingbirds use for food. We provide the first report that includes all the components of the diet for Anna's, Black-chinned, and Calliope hummingbirds. We found that all three species eat the same collection of invertebrates and flower nectars; none of them specialize on one or a few kinds of food.