A Community in Life and Death: The Late Neolithic Megalithic Tomb at Alto de Reinoso (Burgos, Spain)
The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ15N, δ13C) it provides a wealth of informatio...
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| Published in: | PloS one Vol. 11; no. 1; p. e0146176 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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20-01-2016
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| Abstract | The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ15N, δ13C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0-6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic. |
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| AbstractList | The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (
87
Sr/
86
Sr, δ
15
N, δ
13
C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic. The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ15N, δ13C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic. The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (.sup.87 Sr/.sup.86 Sr, [delta].sup.15 N, [delta].sup.13 C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0-6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic. The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 15 N, δ 13 C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Knipper, Corina Roth, Christina Navitainuck, Denise Held, Petra Garrido-Pena, Rafael Zesch, Stephanie Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna Arcusa Magallón, Héctor Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina Rojo-Guerra, Manuel A Alt, Kurt W García-Martínez-de-Lagrán, Íñigo |
| AuthorAffiliation | 14 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND 4 German Mummy Project, Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheim, Germany 9 Arcadia-General Foundation of Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain 8 Institute of Anthropology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany 1 Danube Private University, Krems, Austria 3 State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany 2 Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science and Hightech Research Center, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland 7 Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 6 Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany 12 Laboratoire TRACES UMR5608, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France 5 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 11 Depa |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 11 Department of Prehistory, University of the Basque Government, Vitoria, Spain – name: University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND – name: 2 Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science and Hightech Research Center, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland – name: 8 Institute of Anthropology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany – name: 9 Arcadia-General Foundation of Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain – name: 12 Laboratoire TRACES UMR5608, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France – name: 14 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain – name: 4 German Mummy Project, Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheim, Germany – name: 7 Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary – name: 10 Department of Applied and Analytical Paleontology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany – name: 1 Danube Private University, Krems, Austria – name: 3 State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany – name: 5 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain – name: 13 Private Technical Archaeologist, Zaragoza, Spain – name: 6 Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kurt W surname: Alt fullname: Alt, Kurt W organization: State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Stephanie surname: Zesch fullname: Zesch, Stephanie organization: German Mummy Project, Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheim, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Rafael surname: Garrido-Pena fullname: Garrido-Pena, Rafael organization: Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Corina surname: Knipper fullname: Knipper, Corina organization: Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Anna surname: Szécsényi-Nagy fullname: Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna organization: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary – sequence: 6 givenname: Christina surname: Roth fullname: Roth, Christina organization: Institute of Anthropology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Cristina surname: Tejedor-Rodríguez fullname: Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina organization: Arcadia-General Foundation of Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain – sequence: 8 givenname: Petra surname: Held fullname: Held, Petra organization: Department of Applied and Analytical Paleontology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Íñigo surname: García-Martínez-de-Lagrán fullname: García-Martínez-de-Lagrán, Íñigo organization: Laboratoire TRACES UMR5608, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France – sequence: 10 givenname: Denise surname: Navitainuck fullname: Navitainuck, Denise organization: Institute of Anthropology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Héctor surname: Arcusa Magallón fullname: Arcusa Magallón, Héctor organization: Private Technical Archaeologist, Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 12 givenname: Manuel A surname: Rojo-Guerra fullname: Rojo-Guerra, Manuel A organization: Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789731$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science 2016 Alt et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2016 Alt et al 2016 Alt et al |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0146176 |
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| IngestDate | Fri Nov 26 17:12:55 EST 2021 Tue Oct 22 15:12:06 EDT 2024 Tue Sep 17 21:22:45 EDT 2024 Thu Oct 24 23:49:10 EDT 2024 Thu Oct 10 18:25:09 EDT 2024 Tue Nov 19 20:37:09 EST 2024 Tue Nov 12 22:37:05 EST 2024 Thu Aug 01 19:48:26 EDT 2024 Thu Aug 01 20:36:43 EDT 2024 Tue Aug 20 22:06:53 EDT 2024 Thu Nov 21 20:58:10 EST 2024 Wed Oct 16 00:49:11 EDT 2024 |
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| Issue | 1 |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Creative Commons Attribution License |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: KWA MARG RGP. Performed the experiments: KWA CK PH CR DN. Analyzed the data: KWA ASN CR PH CK SZ MARG RGP HAM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KWA MARG RGP CTR IGML HAM. Wrote the paper: KWA CK MARG RGP PH ASN CR SZ. Participated in the excavation: MARG CTR IGML. Provided ancient samples, contextual information, and access to unpublished archaeological data: MARG RGP CTR IGML HAM. Provided input on the manuscript: CTR IGML HAM. |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720281/ |
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| Publisher | Public Library of Science Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Title | A Community in Life and Death: The Late Neolithic Megalithic Tomb at Alto de Reinoso (Burgos, Spain) |
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