Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high‐frequency gas monitoring
Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by h...
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| Published in: | Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth Vol. 121; no. 8; pp. 5761 - 5775 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01-08-2016
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| Abstract | Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2‐rich gas (CO2/Stotal > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity.
Key Points
A gas composition precursor to eruptions is identified
Changes in gas compositions are associated with transitions in eruptive processes
Magma depth and volume are constrained |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high-frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO
-rich gas (CO
/S
> 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur-rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8-10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3-5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H
S/SO
varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO
and H
S/SO
> 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H
S/SO
< 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high-temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO 2 ‐rich gas (CO 2 /S total > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H 2 S/SO 2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO 2 and H 2 S/SO 2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H 2 S/SO 2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. A gas composition precursor to eruptions is identified Changes in gas compositions are associated with transitions in eruptive processes Magma depth and volume are constrained Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high-frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2-rich gas (CO2/Stotal>4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur-rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8-10km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3-5km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2>1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2<0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high-temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. Key Points A gas composition precursor to eruptions is identified Changes in gas compositions are associated with transitions in eruptive processes Magma depth and volume are constrained Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San Jose. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high-frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO sub(2)-rich gas (CO sub(2)/S sub(total)>4. 5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur-rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8-10km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3-5km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H sub(2)S/SO sub(2) varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000T/d SO sub(2) and H sub(2)S/SO sub(2)>1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H sub(2)S/SO sub(2)<0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high-temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. Key Points * A gas composition precursor to eruptions is identified * Changes in gas compositions are associated with transitions in eruptive processes * Magma depth and volume are constrained Abstract Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO 2 ‐rich gas (CO 2 /S total > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H 2 S/SO 2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO 2 and H 2 S/SO 2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H 2 S/SO 2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. Key Points A gas composition precursor to eruptions is identified Changes in gas compositions are associated with transitions in eruptive processes Magma depth and volume are constrained Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2‐rich gas (CO2/Stotal > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. Key Points A gas composition precursor to eruptions is identified Changes in gas compositions are associated with transitions in eruptive processes Magma depth and volume are constrained Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2‐rich gas (CO2/Stotal > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity. |
| Author | Aiuppa, A. Moor, J. Maarten Muller, C. Dunbar, N. Moretti, R. Galle, B. Wehrmann, H. Avard, G. Liuzzo, M. Tamburello, G. Giudice, G. Conde, V. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Dipartimento DiSTeM Università di Palermo Palermo Italy 1 Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica 4 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Palermo Palermo Italy 7 School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK 9 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden 6 New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources Earth and Environmental Science Department Socorro New Mexico USA 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA 8 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Design Edilizia e Ambiente Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Naples Italy 5 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA – name: 6 New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources Earth and Environmental Science Department Socorro New Mexico USA – name: 5 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany – name: 8 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Design Edilizia e Ambiente Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Naples Italy – name: 4 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Palermo Palermo Italy – name: 9 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden – name: 7 School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK – name: 1 Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica – name: 3 Dipartimento DiSTeM Università di Palermo Palermo Italy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J. Maarten surname: Moor fullname: Moor, J. Maarten email: maartenjdemoor@gmail.com organization: Università di Palermo – sequence: 2 givenname: A. surname: Aiuppa fullname: Aiuppa, A. organization: Sezione di Palermo – sequence: 3 givenname: G. surname: Avard fullname: Avard, G. organization: Universidad Nacional – sequence: 4 givenname: H. surname: Wehrmann fullname: Wehrmann, H. organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel – sequence: 5 givenname: N. surname: Dunbar fullname: Dunbar, N. organization: Earth and Environmental Science Department – sequence: 6 givenname: C. surname: Muller fullname: Muller, C. organization: University of Bristol – sequence: 7 givenname: G. surname: Tamburello fullname: Tamburello, G. organization: Università di Palermo – sequence: 8 givenname: G. surname: Giudice fullname: Giudice, G. organization: Sezione di Palermo – sequence: 9 givenname: M. surname: Liuzzo fullname: Liuzzo, M. organization: Sezione di Palermo – sequence: 10 givenname: R. surname: Moretti fullname: Moretti, R. organization: Edilizia e Ambiente Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli – sequence: 11 givenname: V. surname: Conde fullname: Conde, V. organization: Chalmers University of Technology – sequence: 12 givenname: B. surname: Galle fullname: Galle, B. organization: Chalmers University of Technology |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27774371$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| DOI | 10.1002/2016JB013150 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | TURMOIL AT TURRIALBA VOLCANO |
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| Keywords | phreatic eruption phreatomagmatic eruption hydrothermal system explosive eruption volcano monitoring volcanic gases |
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| Snippet | Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San... Abstract Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Airports Carbon dioxide Chemistry and Physics of Minerals and Rocks/Volcanology Composition Costa Rica Degassing Emissions Eruptions explosive eruption Explosive Volcanism Gas composition Gas monitoring Gases Geochemistry Geological Geophysics High temperature Hydrogen sulfide hydrothermal system Hydrothermal systems Lava Magma Marine Geology and Geophysics Mineralogy and Petrology Monitoring Natural Hazards phreatic eruption phreatomagmatic eruption Reservoirs Seismology Subduction Zone Processes Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulphur Tectonophysics Volatiles Volatilization Volcanic eruptions Volcanic Gases Volcano Monitoring Volcano Seismology Volcanoes Volcanology Washing |
| Title | Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high‐frequency gas monitoring |
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