rm [C_{II}]$ 158 $\rm \mu m$ emission as an indicator of galaxy star formation rate

• Main Authors: Liang, Lichen, Feldmann, Robert, Murray, Norman, Narayanan, Desika, Hayward, Christopher C, Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel, Bassini, Luigi, Richings, Alexander J, Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, Chung, Dongwoo T, Chan, Jennifer Y. H, Tolgay, Doǧa, Çatmabacak, Onur, Kereš, Dušan, Hopkins, Philip F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: 10-01-2023
• Subjects: Physics - Astrophysics of Galaxies; Physics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2301.04149

Observations of local star-forming galaxies (SFGs) show a tight correlation
between their singly ionized carbon line luminosity ($L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$) and
star formation rate (SFR), suggesting that $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$ may be a useful
SFR tracer for galaxies. Some other galaxy populations, however, are found to
have lower $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}{}/{}\rm SFR$ than the local SFGs, including the
infrared-luminous, starburst galaxies at low and high redshifts, as well as
some moderately star-forming galaxies at the epoch of re-ionization (EoR). The
origin of this `$\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit' is unclear. In this work, we study the
$L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$-SFR relation of galaxies using a sample of $z=0-8$ galaxies
with $M_*\approx10^7-5\times10^{11}\,M_\odot$ extracted from cosmological
volume and zoom-in simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments
(FIRE) project. We find a simple analytic expression for $L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$/SFR
of galaxies in terms of the following parameters: mass fraction of $\rm
[C_{II}]$-emitting gas ($f_{\rm [C_{II}]}$), gas metallicity ($Z_{\rm gas}$),
gas density ($n_{\rm gas}$) and gas depletion time ($t_{\rm dep}{}={}M_{\rm
gas}{}/{}\rm SFR$). We find two distinct physical regimes, where $t_{\rm dep}$
($Z_{\rm gas}$) is the main driver of the $\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit in $\rm
H_2$-rich ($\rm H_2$-poor) galaxies. The observed $\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit of
IR-luminous galaxies and early EoR galaxies, corresponding to the two different
regimes, is due to short gas depletion time and low gas metallicity,
respectively. Our result indicates that $\rm [C_{II}]$ deficit is a common
phenomenon of galaxies, and caution needs to be taken when applying a constant
$L_{\rm [C_{II}]}$-to-SFR conversion factor derived from local SFGs to estimate
cosmic SFR density at high redshifts and interpret data from upcoming $\rm
[C_{II}]$ line intensity mapping experiments.