Bioaccumulation of Chemical Markers as a Means for the Field Detection and Verification of Organophosphorus Warfare Agents
A study investigated the viability of using common bivalve mollusks as bioaccumulators of marker compounds that can be used for detecting and verifying the production/use of chemical warfare agents.
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| Published in: | Environmental science & technology Vol. 28; no. 11; pp. 1893 - 1897 |
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| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Washington, DC
American Chemical Society
01-10-1994
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| Abstract | A study investigated the viability of using common bivalve mollusks as bioaccumulators of marker compounds that can be used for detecting and verifying the production/use of chemical warfare agents. |
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| AbstractList | Bivalve mollusks feed by pumping large quantities of water over their gill and mantle surfaces and have little ability to transform organic contaminants. The brackish-water clam Rangia cuneata was investigated as a biological indicator for chemicals associated with two chemical-warfare agents: VX and GB/Sarin. The marker compounds selected were O-ethyl-S-ethylmethylphosphonothiolate (EEMPT) derived from VX and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) derived from GB/Sarin. The clams were continuously exposed over a 5-week period to 100 ppb of EEMPT in water of 2 ppt salinity. The clams were sampled at 0, 24 h, 48 h, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Results indicated that the clam accumulated EEMPT to an average level of approximately 2500 ppb over the 5-week period. Similar accumulation results were found for DIMP, indicating that the clams can be used as biomarkers of chemical-warfare agent use in indigenous waters. A study investigated the viability of using common bivalve mollusks as bioaccumulators of marker compounds that can be used for detecting and verifying the production/use of chemical warfare agents. The viability of a detection and verification technique that used the brackish-water clam Rangia cuneata as a bioaccumulator of marker compounds associated with 2 chemical warfare agents (CWA) was studied. The CWA were nerve agents VX and GB/Sarin. Two trace components identified in both clam tissue and the standards of VX and GB were selected as marker compounds for the bioaccumulation study: O-ethyl-S-ethylmethylphosphonothiolate (EEMPT), derived from VX, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), derived from GB /Sarin. The bioaccumulation of the marker compounds was measured using high-resolution GC and high-resolution GC-MS. The clam accumulated EEMPT to an average level of 2500 ppb when exposed to a water concentration of 100 ppb of EEMPT during the 5-week bioaccumulation study. The clams accumulated 2700 ppb DIMP when exposed to 100 ppb DIMP for 6 d. A biomonitoring approach for the detection and verification of organophosphorus warfare agents was a viable alternative to conventional methods of analysis. This study investigates the viability of using common bivalve mollusks as bioaccumulators of marker compounds that can be used to verify the production or use of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The bioaccumulation of synthetic contaminants in bivalve mollusks and other aquatic organisms is a widespread phenomenon, and the analysis of resident biota is an effective means of detecting and verifying the presence of contaminants and possibly identifying their anthropogenic source. The study reported in this paper demonstrates that detection and verification of the presence of CWAs (specifically, nerve agents VX and GB/Sarin) may be accomplished by a technique that measures the bioaccumulation of marker compounds in brackish-water clams. Newly developed, adapted, and refined analytical methods based on high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) detect and confirm the presence of trace levels of two marker compounds in VX and GB, thereby verifying the presence of organophosphorus CWAs in the environment. This paper concentrates on the analytical methods developed to detect and identify these markers and to verify their bioaccumulation in the brackish-water clam Rangia cuneata. |
| Author | Peuler, E. A DeLeon, I. R Ferrario, Joseph B |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Joseph B surname: Ferrario fullname: Ferrario, Joseph B – sequence: 2 givenname: I. R surname: DeLeon fullname: DeLeon, I. R – sequence: 3 givenname: E. A surname: Peuler fullname: Peuler, E. A |
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| Copyright | 1994 INIST-CNRS Copyright American Chemical Society Oct 1994 |
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| EndPage | 1897 |
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| Keywords | Chemical warfare agent Aquatic environment Bivalvia Biological indicator Water pollution Invertebrata Mollusca Biological accumulation Rangia cuneata Labelled compound Phosphorus Organic compounds |
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| Snippet | A study investigated the viability of using common bivalve mollusks as bioaccumulators of marker compounds that can be used for detecting and verifying the... The viability of a detection and verification technique that used the brackish-water clam Rangia cuneata as a bioaccumulator of marker compounds associated... Bivalve mollusks feed by pumping large quantities of water over their gill and mantle surfaces and have little ability to transform organic contaminants. The... This study investigates the viability of using common bivalve mollusks as bioaccumulators of marker compounds that can be used to verify the production or use... |
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| SubjectTerms | AGUA SALOBRE ALMEJAS Applied sciences Biological & chemical weapons BIOLOGICAL WARFARE BIVALVE MOLLUSKS Brackish BRACKISH WATER CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS CHEMICALS CLAM CLAMS Continental surface waters EAU SAUMATRE Environmental monitoring Exact sciences and technology IDENTIFICACION IDENTIFICATION Mollusks Natural water pollution Pollution PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS PRODUIT CHIMIQUE RANGIA CUNEATA Water treatment and pollution |
| Title | Bioaccumulation of Chemical Markers as a Means for the Field Detection and Verification of Organophosphorus Warfare Agents |
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