Gender and Letters of Recommendation for Academia Agentic and Communal Differences

In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences ( A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000 ), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences i...

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Published in:	Journal of applied psychology Vol. 94; no. 6; pp. 1591 - 1599
Main Authors:	Madera, Juan M, Hebl, Michelle R, Martin, Randi C
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Washington, DC American Psychological Association 01-11-2009
Subjects:	Academic Environment Adult Applied psychology Biological and medical sciences Correspondence as Topic Faculty Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gender Gender differences Higher education Hiring Human Human Sex Differences Humans Job Applicant Interviews Job Application Male Occupational psychology Organizational Culture Personnel Selection Prejudice Psychological factors Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Sex differentiation Sex Factors Sex Role Attitudes Social Identification Social Identity Social Influences Social psychology Social roles Sociological research Stereotypes Stereotyping Studies United States Universities - manpower Universities - organization & administration Work condition. Job performance. Stress United States gender stereotypes academia letters of recommendation social role theory Human Job applicant Theory Sex Social role Stereotype
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Abstract	In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences ( A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000 ), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools ( R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982 ; R. M. Guion, 1998 ), particularly in academia ( E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998 ).
AbstractList	In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998). In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998). Reprinted by permission of the American Psychological Association In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract) In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998). [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998). [Copyright American Psychological Association] In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences ( A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000 ), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools ( R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982 ; R. M. Guion, 1998 ), particularly in academia ( E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998 ). In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998).
Author	Hebl, Michelle R Madera, Juan M Martin, Randi C
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Juan M surname: Madera fullname: Madera, Juan M organization: Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management, University of Houston – sequence: 2 givenname: Michelle R surname: Hebl fullname: Hebl, Michelle R organization: Department of Psychology, Rice University – sequence: 3 givenname: Randi C surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Randi C organization: Department of Psychology, Rice University
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2009 American Psychological Association 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright American Psychological Association Nov 2009 2009, American Psychological Association
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Keywords	gender stereotypes academia letters of recommendation social role theory Human Job applicant Theory Sex Social role Stereotype
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C. – volume: 5 start-page: 665 year: 1999 end-page: 692 article-title: Who women are, who women should be: Descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotyping in sex discrimination publication-title: Psychology, Public Policy and Law contributor: fullname: Borgida, E. – volume: 109 start-page: 573 year: 2002 end-page: 598 article-title: Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders publication-title: Psychological Review contributor: fullname: Eagly, A. H. – volume: 33 start-page: 295 year: 1998 end-page: 312 article-title: An alternative framework for defining mediation publication-title: Multivariate Behavioral Research contributor: fullname: Flaherty, B. P. – volume: 40 start-page: 103 year: 1997 end-page: 110 article-title: The incredible shrinking pipeline publication-title: Communications of the ACM contributor: fullname: Camp, T. – volume: 57 start-page: 743 year: 2001 end-page: 762 article-title: Perspective gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women publication-title: Journal of Social Issues contributor: fullname: Rudman, L. 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Snippet	In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences ( A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000 ), the authors investigated differences in... In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in... In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences...
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SubjectTerms	Academic Environment Adult Applied psychology Biological and medical sciences Correspondence as Topic Faculty Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gender Gender differences Higher education Hiring Human Human Sex Differences Humans Job Applicant Interviews Job Application Male Occupational psychology Organizational Culture Personnel Selection Prejudice Psychological factors Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Sex differentiation Sex Factors Sex Role Attitudes Social Identification Social Identity Social Influences Social psychology Social roles Sociological research Stereotypes Stereotyping Studies United States Universities - manpower Universities - organization & administration Work condition. Job performance. Stress
Subtitle	Agentic and Communal Differences
Title	Gender and Letters of Recommendation for Academia
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