Experimental and Theoretical Study of Stabilization of Delocalized Forms of Semibullvalenes and Barbaralanes by Dipolar and Polarizable Solvents. Observation of a Delocalized Structure that Is Lower in Free Energy than the Localized Form

• Published in: Journal of organic chemistry Vol. 70; no. 9; pp. 3437 - 3449
• Main Authors: Seefelder, Maximilian, Heubes, Markus, Quast, Helmut, Edwards, W. Daniel, Armantrout, John R, Williams, Richard Vaughan, Cramer, Christopher J, Goren, Alan C, Hrovat, David A, Borden, Weston Thatcher
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Chemical Society 29-04-2005
• Subjects: Alicyclic compounds; Alicyclic compounds, terpenoids, prostaglandins, steroids; Chemistry; Exact sciences and technology; Organic chemistry; Preparations and properties; Solvent effect; Polarizability; Stabilization; Temperature effect; Hartree Fock method; NMR spectrometry; Quadrupole moment; Polarity; Dipolar solvent; Solvent; Gibbs free energy; Cope rearrangement; Stability; Theoretical study; Polycyclic compound; Electron delocalization; Experimental study; Reaction rate; Free energy; Thermochromism; Low energy; Solvation; Polyenic compound; Cyclohexane; Density functional method; Ultraviolet visible spectrometry
• ISSN: 0022-3263; 1520-6904
• DOI: 10.1021/jo0502089

UV/vis spectra of thermochromic semibullvalenes 1 and barbaralanes 2, which undergo rapid degenerate Cope rearrangements, display temperature-dependent shoulders (1b, 1d, 1e) or absorption maxima (1c, 2c, 2f) at the low-energy side of their strong UV bands. These long-wavelength absorptions are ascribed to Franck−Condon transitions from delocalized structures 1 deloc and 2 deloc. Gibbs free energy differences, ΔG*, between delocalized and localized forms were calculated from the temperature dependence of the long-wavelength absorptions. Dipolar and polarizable solvents strongly affect and even may reverse the relative stabilities of the localized and delocalized forms of 1c, 2c, and 2f. For example, ΔG*(2c) = 8 kJ mol-1 in cyclohexane, 2 kJ mol-1 in dimethylformamide, and −3 kJ mol-1 in N,N‘-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU), so that (2c deloc)DMPU becomes the global minimum. In contrast to the case for 2c, the intensities of the long-wavelength shoulders of the yellow semibullvalenes 1b, 1d, and 1e are only moderately influenced by solvents, and the rates of Cope rearrangements of the nonthermochromic, colorless barbaralanes 2a and 2b, determined by NMR methods, are almost solvent-invariant. In search of the solute properties that are decisive in determining the influence of solvent upon ΔG*, electrical dipole and quadrupole moments and molecular polarizabilities have been calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G* method and solvation energies have been computed with the conductorlike polarized continuum model (CPCM). The results of these calculations indicate that the solvent effects are due to the greater polarity and polarizability of the delocalized structures relative to the localized structures.