Late Holocene Marsh Expansion in Southern San Francisco Bay, California

• Published in: Estuaries and coasts Vol. 36; no. 3; pp. 643 - 653
• Main Authors: Watson, Elizabeth Burke, Byrne, Roger
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Spring Science + Business Media 01-05-2013; Springer-Verlag; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Bays; Biological and medical sciences; Brackish water ecosystems; Coastal Sciences; Coasts; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecology; Environment; Environmental changes; Environmental Management; Environmental restoration; Estuaries; Freshwater & Marine Ecology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Holocene; Ice ages; Land use; Livestock; Marine; Marshes; Paleoclimatology; Rhizomes; Salt marshes; Sea level rise; Sediments; Simulations; Soil erosion; Synecology; Tidal marshes; Water and Health; Water inflow; Watersheds; Wetlands; X-rays; California; United States; North America; America; United States > US; San Francisco Bay; INE, USA, California, San Francisco Bay; Suspended sediment; Estuarine Stratigraphy; Marsh elevation; San Francisco Bay; Little Ice Age; Brackish water environment; Marsh; Bay; Holocene
• ISSN: 1559-2723; 1559-2731
• DOI: 10.1007/s12237-013-9598-z

Currently, the largest tidal wetlands restoration project on the US Pacific Coast is being planned and implemented in southern San Francisco Bay; however, knowledge of baseline conditions of salt marsh extent in the region prior to European settlement is limited. Here, analysis of 24 sediment cores collected from ten intact southern San Francisco Bay tidal marshes were used to reconstruct spatio-temporal patterns of marsh expansion to provide historic context for current restoration efforts. A process-based marsh elevation simulation model was used to identify interactions between sediment supply, sea-level rise, and marsh formation rates. A distinct age gradient was found: expansion of marshes in the central portion of southern San Francisco Bay dated to 500 to 1500 calendar years before present, while expansion of marshes in southernmost San Francisco Bay dated to 200 to 700 calendar years before present. Thus, much of the tidal marsh area mapped by US Coast Survey during the 1853–1857 period were in fact not primeval tidal marshes that had persisted for millennia but were recently formed landscapes. Marsh expansion increased during the Little Ice Age, when freshwater inflow and sediment influx were higher than during the previous millennium, and also during settlement, when land use changes, such as introduction of livestock, increased watershed erosion, and sediment delivery.