Localized Electrochemical Impedance Measurements on Nafion Membranes: Observation and Analysis of Spatially Diverse Proton Transport Using Atomic Force Microscopy

The distribution of ion conductive channels on the Nafion membrane surface, which determines the formation of the three-phase boundary, plays a very important role in improving the performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Therefore, understanding the microstructures at the catalyst layer/...

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Published in:	Analytical chemistry (Washington) Vol. 91; no. 18; pp. 11678 - 11686
Main Authors:	Wang, Xiaojiang, Habte, Bereket T, Zhang, Shuomeng, Yang, Houhua, Zhao, Jing, Jiang, Fangming, He, Qinggang
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States American Chemical Society 17-09-2019
Subjects:	Analytical chemistry Atomic force microscopy Catalysts Chemistry Conductance Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Electrochemistry Force distribution Fuel technology Heterogeneity Impedance Impedance measurement Interfaces Mathematical analysis Mathematical morphology Membranes Microscopy Microstructure Moisture content Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Protons Resistance Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Stress concentration Sulfonic acid Transport Water content
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Abstract	The distribution of ion conductive channels on the Nafion membrane surface, which determines the formation of the three-phase boundary, plays a very important role in improving the performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Therefore, understanding the microstructures at the catalyst layer/membrane interfaces of proton-exchange membranes is essential. Although current-sensing atomic force microscopy (AFM) can present some surface conductance data, localized impedance measurement providing more accurate proton-transport information is desirable. To obtain this information, in our study, localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was measured automatically with a home-built AFM-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy setup in which AFM was coupled with an impedance tester by a customized procedure. By this method, the localized proton-transport resistance at different humidities was observed in spatially diverse locations, and the value decreased as the membrane became hydrated. Furthermore, the microstructure of the Nafion membrane was numerically reconstructed at different hydration levels to examine the relationship between the membrane microstructural morphology and proton-transport resistance. The results showed that the spatial diversity of proton-transport resistance arose from the variable concentration of hydrophilic groups at the contact location of the AFM tip and the membrane, and from the heterogeneity of dry sulfonic acid groups in the membrane that creates local variation in water content.
AbstractList	The distribution of ion conductive channels on the Nafion membrane surface, which determines the formation of the three-phase boundary, plays a very important role in improving the performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Therefore, understanding the microstructures at the catalyst layer/membrane interfaces of proton-exchange membranes is essential. Although current-sensing atomic force microscopy (AFM) can present some surface conductance data, localized impedance measurement providing more accurate proton-transport information is desirable. To obtain this information, in our study, localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was measured automatically with a home-built AFM-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy setup in which AFM was coupled with an impedance tester by a customized procedure. By this method, the localized proton-transport resistance at different humidities was observed in spatially diverse locations, and the value decreased as the membrane became hydrated. Furthermore, the microstructure of the Nafion membrane was numerically reconstructed at different hydration levels to examine the relationship between the membrane microstructural morphology and proton-transport resistance. The results showed that the spatial diversity of proton-transport resistance arose from the variable concentration of hydrophilic groups at the contact location of the AFM tip and the membrane, and from the heterogeneity of dry sulfonic acid groups in the membrane that creates local variation in water content.
Author	Yang, Houhua Zhao, Jing Zhang, Shuomeng Wang, Xiaojiang He, Qinggang Jiang, Fangming Habte, Bereket T
AuthorAffiliation	Nanotechnology Measurement Division Keysight Technologies Metrohm China Ltd College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou Laboratory of Advanced Energy Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Metrohm China Ltd – name: College of Chemical and Biological Engineering – name: Keysight Technologies – name: Laboratory of Advanced Energy Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion – name: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – name: Nanotechnology Measurement Division – name: Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Xiaojiang surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xiaojiang organization: Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou – sequence: 2 givenname: Bereket T surname: Habte fullname: Habte, Bereket T organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: Shuomeng surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Shuomeng organization: Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou – sequence: 4 givenname: Houhua surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Houhua organization: Metrohm China Ltd – sequence: 5 givenname: Jing surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Jing organization: Keysight Technologies – sequence: 6 givenname: Fangming surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Fangming email: jiangfm@ms.giec.ac.cn organization: Laboratory of Advanced Energy Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion – sequence: 7 givenname: Qinggang orcidid: 0000-0001-5519-4111 surname: He fullname: He, Qinggang email: qghe@zju.edu.cn organization: Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou
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Snippet	The distribution of ion conductive channels on the Nafion membrane surface, which determines the formation of the three-phase boundary, plays a very important...
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SubjectTerms	Analytical chemistry Atomic force microscopy Catalysts Chemistry Conductance Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Electrochemistry Force distribution Fuel technology Heterogeneity Impedance Impedance measurement Interfaces Mathematical analysis Mathematical morphology Membranes Microscopy Microstructure Moisture content Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Protons Resistance Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Stress concentration Sulfonic acid Transport Water content
Title	Localized Electrochemical Impedance Measurements on Nafion Membranes: Observation and Analysis of Spatially Diverse Proton Transport Using Atomic Force Microscopy
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