Isotopic uranium activity ratios in California groundwater
Uranium, a kidney toxicant and a radioactive material, is present at elevated concentrations in groundwater in some states. In 1991 the US Environmental Protection Agency proposed a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for uranium in drinking water off 20 µg/L or 30 pCi/L (1.1 Bq/L). In 1992 California a...
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| Published in: | Journal - American Water Works Association Vol. 91; no. 4; pp. 171 - 185 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Denver, CO
American Water Works Association
01-04-1999
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| Abstract | Uranium, a kidney toxicant and a radioactive material, is present at elevated concentrations in groundwater in some states. In 1991 the US Environmental Protection Agency proposed a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for uranium in drinking water off 20 µg/L or 30 pCi/L (1.1 Bq/L). In 1992 California adopted an MCL of 20 pCi/L (0.74 Bq/L). Because California regulations permit analysis of uranium by either mass cur radiochemical techniques, a reliable factor that converts values from mass to activity is required to determine compliance with the California MCL and any future federal MCL. The conversion factor for groundwater may differ markedly from that of the natural crustal abundance of uranium. This study compared values determined by three mass measurement techniques and two radiochemical techniques. It is suggested that a conversion factor of 0.79 pCi/µg be used to determine compliance with the California MCL. |
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| AbstractList | Whether the uranium MCL is met in California depends on what conversion factor is used.
Uranium, a kidney toxicant and a radioactive material, is present at elevated concentrations in groundwater in some states. In 1991 the US Environmental Protection Agency proposed a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for uranium in drinking water of 20 μg/L or 30 pCi/L (1.1 Bq/L). In 1992 California adopted an MCL of 20 pCi/L (0.74 Bq/L). Because California regulations permit analysis of uranium by either mass or radiochemical techniques, a reliable factor that converts values from mass to activity is required to determine compliance with the California MCL and any future federal MCL. The conversion factor for groundwater may differ markedly from that of the natural crustal abundance of uranium. This study compared values determined by three mass measurement techniques and two radiochemical techniques. It is suggested that a conversion factor of 0.79 pCi/μg be used to determine compliance with the California MCL. California laboratories that test drinking water for uranium are caught in a bind. Two maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) must currently be met (the federal gross alpha radiation MCL and the California total uranium MCL), and a third one (a US Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] total uranium MCL) has been proposed. The problem has two aspects. First, total uranium can be specified two ways - as mass or radioactivity - and a factor is required to convert mass (the value that may have been determined in the laboratory) to activity (the terms in which the MCLs may be stated). Second, conflicting assumptions are nested into the calculations, which incorporate an estimate of the relative abundance of two common uranium isotopes, U-234 and U-238. This relative abundance, the activity ratio, is pegged differently in California regulations and in proposed federal regulations. California regulations assumed an activity ratio of 1; the resulting conversion factor is 0.68 pCi/ mu L. The proposed federal regulation assumed an activity ratio of 2.7; the resulting conversion factor is twice as high - 1.3 pCi/ mu L. Whether a given water source exceeds a given total uranium MCL, then, may depend on which conversion factor is used. The authors of this study assayed total uranium in 100 uranium-bearing groundwater samples from California; they used three mass measurement techniques and two radiochemical techniques. From these results they calculated the relative abundance of U-234 to U-238. Then, they used that activity ratio to calculate a more accurate mass-to-activity conversion factor - 0.79 pCi/ mu L - that they recommend be used to determine total uranium in California water sources. Uranium, a kidney toxicant and a radioactive material, is present at elevated concentrations in groundwater in some states. In 1991 the US Environmental Protection Agency proposed a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for uranium in drinking water off 20 µg/L or 30 pCi/L (1.1 Bq/L). In 1992 California adopted an MCL of 20 pCi/L (0.74 Bq/L). Because California regulations permit analysis of uranium by either mass cur radiochemical techniques, a reliable factor that converts values from mass to activity is required to determine compliance with the California MCL and any future federal MCL. The conversion factor for groundwater may differ markedly from that of the natural crustal abundance of uranium. This study compared values determined by three mass measurement techniques and two radiochemical techniques. It is suggested that a conversion factor of 0.79 pCi/µg be used to determine compliance with the California MCL. |
| Author | Perera, S. Kusum Baumann, Frank J. Milea, Alexis M. Wong, Carolyn T. Okamoto, Howard S. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Carolyn T. surname: Wong fullname: Wong, Carolyn T. – sequence: 2 givenname: Howard S. surname: Okamoto fullname: Okamoto, Howard S. – sequence: 3 givenname: Alexis M. surname: Milea fullname: Milea, Alexis M. – sequence: 4 givenname: S. Kusum surname: Perera fullname: Perera, S. Kusum – sequence: 5 givenname: Frank J. surname: Baumann fullname: Baumann, Frank J. |
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| Copyright | Copyright© 1999 AWWA 1999 American Water Works Association 1999 INIST-CNRS Copyright American Water Works Association Apr 1999 |
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| References | 35 1997; 40 1994; 11.02 1998 1985 1996 1995 1994 1992 1991 1980 1991; 138 1988 1983; 34 e_1_2_12_5_1 e_1_2_12_2_1 Shlien B. (e_1_2_12_7_1) 1992 USEPA (e_1_2_12_15_1) 1994 USEPA (e_1_2_12_4_1) 1985 (e_1_2_12_16_1) 1985 Novikov Y.V. (e_1_2_12_10_1); 35 Firestone R.B. (e_1_2_12_6_1) 1996 USEPA (e_1_2_12_12_1) 1980 (e_1_2_12_13_1) 1994 USEPA (e_1_2_12_3_1) 1991; 138 e_1_2_12_14_1 e_1_2_12_8_1 e_1_2_12_11_1 e_1_2_12_9_1 (e_1_2_12_17_1) 1995 |
| References_xml | – year: 1985 – volume: 35 start-page: 63 article-title: Data on the Biological Effect of Small Amounts of Natural Uranium in Water publication-title: Hygiene & Sanitation – year: 1980 – year: 1998 article-title: California Code of Regulations. Title 22. Social Security; Division 4. Environmental Health; Chapter 15. Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring; Article 5 – volume: 138 start-page: 33127 issue: 33050 year: 1991 article-title: 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radionuclides; Proposed Rule publication-title: Fed. Reg. Part II – volume: 11.02 year: 1994 – year: 1988 article-title: Is the Assumption of a U‐234:U‐238 Ratio = 1.0 Valid for Common Groundwaters? Proc – year: 1996 – year: 1995 – year: 1991 – volume: 34 start-page: 283 year: 1983 article-title: Uranium Isotopic Disequilibrium in Ground Water as an Indicator of Anomalies publication-title: Intl. Jour. Appl. Radiation & Isotopes – year: 1992 – year: 1994 – volume: 40 year: 1997 publication-title: Code of Federal Regulations. – volume: 35 start-page: 63 ident: e_1_2_12_10_1 article-title: Data on the Biological Effect of Small Amounts of Natural Uranium in Water publication-title: Hygiene & Sanitation contributor: fullname: Novikov Y.V. – ident: e_1_2_12_8_1 doi: 10.1016/0020-708X(83)90132-1 – volume-title: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_12_17_1 – volume-title: The Health Physics and Radiological Health Handbook. year: 1992 ident: e_1_2_12_7_1 contributor: fullname: Shlien B. – ident: e_1_2_12_2_1 – volume-title: Prescribed Procedures for Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking Water year: 1980 ident: e_1_2_12_12_1 contributor: fullname: USEPA – ident: e_1_2_12_9_1 – volume-title: Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples year: 1994 ident: e_1_2_12_15_1 contributor: fullname: USEPA – volume: 138 start-page: 33127 issue: 33050 year: 1991 ident: e_1_2_12_3_1 article-title: 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radionuclides; Proposed Rule publication-title: Fed. Reg. Part II contributor: fullname: USEPA – volume-title: Nationwide Occurrence of Radon and Other Natural Radioactivity in Public Water Supplies year: 1985 ident: e_1_2_12_4_1 contributor: fullname: USEPA – ident: e_1_2_12_11_1 – volume-title: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. year: 1994 ident: e_1_2_12_13_1 – ident: e_1_2_12_14_1 – ident: e_1_2_12_5_1 – volume-title: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. year: 1985 ident: e_1_2_12_16_1 – volume-title: Table of Isotopes. year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_12_6_1 contributor: fullname: Firestone R.B. |
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| Snippet | Uranium, a kidney toxicant and a radioactive material, is present at elevated concentrations in groundwater in some states. In 1991 the US Environmental... Whether the uranium MCL is met in California depends on what conversion factor is used. Uranium, a kidney toxicant and a radioactive material, is present at... California laboratories that test drinking water for uranium are caught in a bind. Two maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) must currently be met (the federal... |
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| SubjectTerms | Analysis methods Applied sciences Average linear density Compliance Conversion Factors Correlations Drinking water Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics Environmental protection Equilibrium Exact sciences and technology Fall lines Groundwater Groundwaters Hydrogeology Hydrology. Hydrogeology Isotopes Lasers Measurement techniques Natural water pollution Pollution Pollution, environment geology Potable water Public health Radioactive decay Regulations Reimbursement Sampling Surface water Toxicity Uranium USA, California Water treatment and pollution |
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| Title | Isotopic uranium activity ratios in California groundwater |
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