Identification and Biosynthetic Study of the Siderophore Lysochelin in the Biocontrol Agent Lysobacter enzymogenes

• Published in: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol. 71; no. 19; pp. 7418 - 7426
• Main Authors: Miller, Amanda Lynn, Li, Shanren, Eichhorn, Catherine D., Zheng, Yongbiao, Du, Liangcheng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 17-05-2023
• Subjects: Antifungal Agents; Bacterial Proteins - genetics; Bioactive Constituents, Metabolites, and Functions; Iron; Lysobacter - genetics; Siderophores; Spermidine; spermidine; antifungal HSAF; biocontrol; Lysobacter enzymogenes; siderophore
• ISSN: 0021-8561; 1520-5118
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01250

Lysobacter is a genus of bacteria emerging as new biocontrol agents in agriculture. Although iron acquisition is essential for the bacteria, no siderophore has been identified from any Lysobacter. Here, we report the identification of the first siderophore, N1,N8-bis­(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)­spermidine (lysochelin), and its biosynthetic gene cluster from Lysobacter enzymogenes. Intriguingly, the deletion of the spermidine biosynthetic gene encoding arginine decarboxylase or SAM decarboxylase eliminated lysochelin and the antifungals, HSAF and its analogues, which are key to the disease control activity and to the survival of Lysobacter under oxidative stresses caused by excess iron. The production of lysochelin and the antifungals is greatly affected by iron concentration. Together, the results revealed a previously unrecognized system, in which L. enzymogenes produces a group of small molecules, lysochelin, spermidine, and HSAF and its analogues, that are affected by iron concentration and critical to the growth and survival of the biocontrol agent.