Taphonomy of the Fossil Insects of the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation

• Published in: Acta palaeontologica Polonica Vol. 60; no. 4; pp. 931 - 947
• Main Authors: Greenwalt, Dale E., Rose, Tim R., Siljestrom, Sandra M., Goreva, Yulia S., Constenius, Kurt N., Wingerath, Jonathan G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences 01-12-2015; Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Paleobiologii; Institute of Paleobiology PAS
• Subjects: Animals, Fossil; depositional environment; Diptera; Eocene; Hemiptera; Insect populations; Montana; Natural history; taphonomy; USA; varve; United States
• DOI: 10.4202/app.00071.2014
• EISSN: 1732-2421
• ISSN: 0567-7920

The lacustrine oil shales of the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation in northwestern Montana comprise a relatively unstudied middle Eocene fossil insect locality. Herein, we detail the stratigraphic position of the fossiliferous unit, describe the insect fauna of the Coal Creek locality and document its bias towards very small but remarkably preserved insects. In addition, the depositional environment is examined and the mineral constituents of the laminations that comprise the varves of the Kishenehn oil shale are defined. Fifteen orders of insects have been recorded with the majority of all insects identified as aquatic with the families Chironomidae (Diptera) and Corixidae (Hemiptera) dominant. The presence of small aquatic insects, many of which are immature, the intact nature of >90% of the fossil insects and the presence of Daphnia ephippia, all indicate that the depositional environment was the shallow margin of a large freshwater lake. The fossil insects occur within fossilized microbial mat layers that comprise the bedding planes of the oil shale. Unlike the fossiliferous shales of the Florissant and Okanagan Highlands, the mats are not a product of diatomaceous algae nor are diatom frustules a component of the sediments or the varve structure. Instead, the varves are composed of very fine eolian siliciclastic silt grains overlaid with non-diatomaceous, possibly cyanobacteria-derived microbial mats which contain distinct traces of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. A distinct third layer composed of essentially pure calcite is present in the shale of some exposures and is presumably derived from the seasonal warming-induced precipitation of carbonate from the lake's waters. The Coal Creek locality presents a unique opportunity to study both very small middle Eocene insects not often preserved as compression fossils in most Konservat-Lagerstätte and the processes that led to their preservation.