Occurrence of cocaine and metabolites in hospital effluent - A risk evaluation and development of a HPLC method using DLLME

Occurrence of cocaine and metabolites in hospital effluent - A risk evaluation and development of a HPLC method using DLLME

A fast method for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites in hospital effluent samples was worked out by using liquid chromatography with the aid of fluorescence and diode array detection. Solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid –liquid microextraction were employed during the sample p...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 170; pp. 176 - 182
Main Authors: Martins, Ayrton F., dos Santos, Jeremias B., Todeschini, Bruno H., Saldanha, Loisleini F., da Silva, Daiane S., Reichert, Jaqueline F., Souza, Darliana M.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-03-2017
Subjects:
Anhydroecgonine
Benzoylecgonine
Brazil
Calibration
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - methods
Cocaine
Cocaine - analogs & derivatives
Cocaine - analysis
Cocaine - metabolism
DLLME
Hospital effluent
Hospitals, University
HPLC-FLD-DAD
Limit of Detection
Liquid Phase Microextraction - methods
Methanol - chemistry
Reproducibility of Results
Risk
Solid Phase Extraction - methods
Solvents - chemistry
Street Drugs - analysis
Street Drugs - metabolism
Waste Water - chemistry
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism
Benzoylecgonine
AEG
BEG
Anhydroecgonine
Hospital effluent
COC
HPLC-FLD-DAD
Cocaine
DLLME
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Summary:A fast method for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites in hospital effluent samples was worked out by using liquid chromatography with the aid of fluorescence and diode array detection. Solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid –liquid microextraction were employed during the sample preparation stage. The experiment was conducted by using Chromabond® C18 ec 6 ml/500 mg cartridges, with recoveries higher than 96.6%, 88.3%, 78.7%, and LOQm 0.15; 0.18 and 0.30 μg L−1 for cocaine, benzoylecgonine and anhydroecgonine respectively. In the case of DLLME, different chemical conditions and solvent combinations were tested to find the best settings for the microextraction: pH 9; addition of 0.3 mol L−1 NaCl; 150 μL extractor (chloroform) and 350 μL disperser (methanol). The recoveries for cocaine were as high as 98.3% with LOQm 0.3 μg L−1. After validation, these methods were applied to quantification of the analytes. While the concentration of the anhydroecgonine, (the main pyrolytic metabolite of cocaine), remained below the limit of detection, the range of concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine determined were 0.4–4.9 μg L−1 and 0.9–8.6 μg L−1, respectively. The occurrence has a relatively median/high environmental impact. These concentration values suggest that a role is played by other sources of cocaine, probably related to transport, or handling and the consumption of the drug. The outcome is that cocaine can be quantified by using DLLME as well as SPE, however, DLLME offered clear benefits like simplicity, affordability, and speed, as well as only requiring a small volume of solvents and samples. [Display omitted] •An improved chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and metabolites.•Use of DLLME and SPE to separate cocaine and metabolites from a complex matrix.•Risk evaluation of the occurrence of illicit drugs in hospital effluent.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
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content type line 23
ISSN:0045-6535
1879-1298
DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.019