Bioaccumulation of Toxic Metals in Freshwater Fish in Brazil: Gaps, Applications, and Future Directions for Environmental Biomonitoring

Freshwater aquatic environments provide humanity with a wide range of resources and contribute to biodiversity and ecological balance. Brazil has one of the largest freshwater reserves in the world; however, residue from industrialization and urbanization, especially toxic metals that can bioaccumul...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Water, air, and soil pollution Vol. 234; no. 11; p. 671
Main Authors:	Silva, Virginia Marques, Santana, Gregório Mateus, de Jesus Pinto, Marianna, dos Santos, Pâmela Rebeca Moreno, Braga, Luis Gustavo Tavares, Navoni, Julio Alejandro, de Jesus, Raildo Mota
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cham Springer International Publishing 01-11-2023 Springer Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Analysis Aquatic ecosystems Aquatic environment Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Bioaccumulation Biodiversity Biological monitoring Biomonitoring Biotic factors Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Contamination Database industry Earth and Environmental Science Ecological balance Ecology Ecosystem components Effluents Environment Environmental monitoring Fish Fish as food Fishes Fresh water Freshwater Freshwater fish Freshwater fishes Heavy metals Hydrogeology Industrial development Industrialization Inland water environment Legislation Literature reviews Metal concentrations Metal industry Metals Natural environment Reproduction Skin Soil Science & Conservation Toxins Urbanization Water quality Water Quality/Water Pollution Brazil Natural and experimental environment Pollution Aquatic environments Food security
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Summary:	Freshwater aquatic environments provide humanity with a wide range of resources and contribute to biodiversity and ecological balance. Brazil has one of the largest freshwater reserves in the world; however, residue from industrialization and urbanization, especially toxic metals that can bioaccumulate in organisms, reduces water quality. An effective strategy for assessing toxic metal presence in aquatic ecosystems involves examining their bioaccumulation in fish, encompassing both field (natural environment) and experimental investigations. Therefore, this comprehensive literature review encompasses an analysis of studies pertaining to the bioaccumulation of toxic metals in freshwater fish within the Brazilian context. Articles indexed in the Scopus and Science Direct databases, published between 2015 and 2022, were scrutinized. The bioaccumulation of metals in fish presented several applications such as evaluating the contamination of an environment, estimating consequences on zootechnical and reproductive performance, investigating the influence of abiotic and biotic factors, describing interactions with other substances, and verifying the effects of effluents from industrialization, urbanization, agriculture, and mining. The review revealed several research applications related to the topic, identified studies in which the concentration of toxic metals in fish was above the limit of Brazilian legislation, and detected gaps in the research such as the absence of analysis of skin and bone, low frequency of research into diet as the route of exposure to toxins, and a low analysis of three environmental matrices in research carried out in the natural environment.
ISSN:	0049-6979 1573-2932
DOI:	10.1007/s11270-023-06682-1