Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Multipotent Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury

Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Multipotent Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a common neurological disorder with devastating psychical and psychosocial sequelae. The majority of patients after SCI suffer from permanent disability caused by motor dysfunction, impaired sensation, neuropathic pain, spasticity as well as urinary complications, and a s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 120
Main Authors: Szymoniuk, Michał, Litak, Jakub, Sakwa, Leon, Dryla, Aleksandra, Zezuliński, Wojciech, Czyżewski, Wojciech, Kamieniak, Piotr, Blicharski, Tomasz
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28-12-2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Analysis
Apoptosis
Care and treatment
Cell differentiation
Cell proliferation
Cell self-renewal
Cell therapy
Clinical trials
Complications
Cytotoxicity
Diagnosis
Edema
Exosomes
Hematopoietic stem cells
Humans
Literature reviews
Medical prognosis
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Mesenchyme
Microenvironments
Molecular mechanics
Molecular modelling
multipotent stem cells
Multipotent Stem Cells - transplantation
Nanotechnology
Neural Stem Cells
Neuralgia
Pain perception
Paracrine signalling
Pathophysiology
Patients
Review
Sensation
Spasticity
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal Cord Injuries - pathology
stem cell transplantation
Stem cells
Transplantation
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Poland
neural stem cells
mesenchymal stem cells
regenerative medicine
stem cell transplantation
multipotent stem cells
hematopoietic stem cells
spinal cord injuries
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Summary:Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a common neurological disorder with devastating psychical and psychosocial sequelae. The majority of patients after SCI suffer from permanent disability caused by motor dysfunction, impaired sensation, neuropathic pain, spasticity as well as urinary complications, and a small number of patients experience a complete recovery. Current standard treatment modalities of the SCI aim to prevent secondary injury and provide limited recovery of lost neurological functions. Stem Cell Therapy (SCT) represents an emerging treatment approach using the differentiation, paracrine, and self-renewal capabilities of stem cells to regenerate the injured spinal cord. To date, multipotent stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent the most investigated types of stem cells for the treatment of SCI in preclinical and clinical studies. The microenvironment of SCI has a significant impact on the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of transplanted stem cells. Therefore, a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI and molecular mechanisms through which stem cells act may help improve the treatment efficacy of SCT and find new therapeutic approaches such as stem-cell-derived exosomes, gene-modified stem cells, scaffolds, and nanomaterials. In this literature review, the pathogenesis of SCI and molecular mechanisms of action of multipotent stem cells including MSCs, NSCs, and HSCs are comprehensively described. Moreover, the clinical efficacy of multipotent stem cells in SCI treatment, an optimal protocol of stem cell administration, and recent therapeutic approaches based on or combined with SCT are also discussed.
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ISSN:2073-4409
2073-4409
DOI:10.3390/cells12010120