Quantitative analysis of energy transfer processes in Thulium–Bismuth germanate co-doped fiber amplifier

► A quantitative study on energy transfer processes in Tm–Bi germanate is presented. ► A general model for Tm–Bi fiber amplifier is suggested based on the rate equations. ► Dopants’ distribution along fiber verifies the estimated energy transfer processes. ► The effect of dopants’ concentration on t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Optical materials Vol. 35; no. 2; pp. 231 - 239
Main Authors:	Zarifi, A., Emami, S.D., Zahedi, F.Z., Fatehi, H., Mirnia, S.E., Ahmad, H., Harun, S.W.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford Elsevier B.V 01-12-2012 Elsevier
Subjects:	Energy transfer Exact sciences and technology Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications) Germanate Glasses, quartz Laser optical systems: design and operation Optical materials Optics Physics Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings Thulium–Bismuth co-doped fiber amplifier Thulium–Bismuth co-doped fiber amplifier Energy transfer Germanate Germanate glasses Output power Theoretical study Doped materials Excitation energy transfer Thulium additions Bismuth germanates Optical fiber amplifiers Quantity ratio Bismuth additions Thulium-Bismuth co-doped fiber amplifier Analytical method Rate equation Optical amplifier Infrared radiation Optical materials Codoping
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Summary:	► A quantitative study on energy transfer processes in Tm–Bi germanate is presented. ► A general model for Tm–Bi fiber amplifier is suggested based on the rate equations. ► Dopants’ distribution along fiber verifies the estimated energy transfer processes. ► The effect of dopants’ concentration on the gain is studied through a 3D simulation. Energy transfer processes in Thulium–Bismuth co-doped germanate fiber amplifier at 1800nm region have been studied quantitatively in this work. Energy transfer models are utilized in order to investigate the effect of dopants concentration on energy transfer parameters. A series of non-linear rate equations were derived using the energy transfer parameters and solved by means of a semi-analytical method. A general model of optical fiber amplifier in conjunction with rate equations is employed to simulate Thulium and Bismuth ions population distribution along the fiber. Thulium and Bismuth concentrations are noted as critical factors that control the output power and saturation length. The optimum values of Thulium and Bismuth concentration which result in maximum gain at 1800nm are 0.5wt.% and 2wt.% respectively.
ISSN:	0925-3467 1873-1252
DOI:	10.1016/j.optmat.2012.08.006