The Blood-Injection Symptom Scale (BISS): Assessing a structure of phobic symptoms elicited by blood and injections

The Blood-Injection Symptom Scale (BISS): Assessing a structure of phobic symptoms elicited by blood and injections

Assessments for blood-injury-injection phobia measure feared stimuli and overt behaviours, but they have not systematically addressed the symptoms of fear and faintness. The Blood-Injection Symptom Scale (BISS) was developed to overcome this omission. An exploratory factor analysis grouped symptoms...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Behaviour research and therapy Vol. 35; no. 5; pp. 457 - 464
Main Authors: Page, Andrew C., Bennett, Kellie S., Carter, Owen, Smith, Julia, Woodmore, Kirrily
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01-05-1997
Elsevier Science
Elsevier Science Ltd
Subjects:
Adult
Analysis of Variance
Biological and medical sciences
Blood
Chi-Square Distribution
Cross-Sectional Studies
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Fainting
Fear & phobias
Fear - physiology
Female
Humans
Injections - psychology
Likelihood Functions
Male
Medical procedures
Medical sciences
Models, Psychological
Phobic Disorders - physiopathology
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychometrics - methods
Psychometrics. Diagnostic aid systems
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Social research
Syncope - psychology
Techniques and methods
Human
Clinical test
Test validation
Phobia
Factor analysis
Anxiety disorder
Confirmatory factor analysis
Psychometrics
Injection
Blood
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Summary:Assessments for blood-injury-injection phobia measure feared stimuli and overt behaviours, but they have not systematically addressed the symptoms of fear and faintness. The Blood-Injection Symptom Scale (BISS) was developed to overcome this omission. An exploratory factor analysis grouped symptoms triggered by blood and injections into three internally consistent factors (faintness, anxiety and tension). A confirmatory factor analysis replicated the factor structure in a new sample. To test the construct validity of the BISS, an attempt was made to reproduce Öst's (1992, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 68–74) finding that fear was stronger among people with concerns about injections, while faintness was stronger among people with concerns about blood. A community sample of 80 individuals with concerns (i.e. fear or fainting) about blood or injections completed the BISS. Controlling faintness, individuals with concerns about injections reported more fear than people with concerns about blood. In contrast, controlling for fear, the latter reported more symptoms of faintness. These data suggest that the BISS generates stable and internally consistent subscales useful in the measurement of symptoms elicited by blood and injections.
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ISSN:0005-7967
1873-622X
DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00120-9