Development of a Flexible Sensor-Integrated Tissue Patch to Monitor Early Organ Rejection Processes Using Impedance Spectroscopy

Heart failure represents a primary cause of hospitalization and mortality in both developed and developing countries, often necessitating heart transplantation as the only viable recovery path. Despite advances in transplantation medicine, organ rejection remains a significant post-operative challen...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Biosensors (Basel) Vol. 14; no. 5; p. 253
Main Authors:	Ertl, Peter, Wladimir, Tibor, Sticker, Drago, Schuller, Patrick, Rothbauer, Mario, Wieselthaler, Georg, Frauenlob, Martin
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 17-05-2024
Subjects:	Animal tissues Animals Biopsy Biosensing Techniques Biosensors Care and treatment Chickens Coated electrodes Congestive heart failure Developing countries Diagnosis Dielectric Spectroscopy Electrical impedance Electrodes environmental monitoring Flexible components Graft rejection Graft Rejection - diagnosis Health aspects Heart failure Heart Transplantation Heart transplants Humans Impedance impedance sensors Impedance spectroscopy lab-on-a-chip LDCs Methods Microelectrodes Microscopy Monitoring Monitoring, Physiologic Muscle contraction Muscular function nanotoxicology nasal epithelial cells Oxidation Patient monitoring Patients Physiology Potassium Rapid prototyping Rejection Resource utilization Scanning electron microscopy Sensors Silicon wafers Software Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Surgery Telemedicine Titanium Transplantation Voltammetry zinc oxide toxicity Austria Germany zinc oxide toxicity environmental monitoring nasal epithelial cells impedance sensors lab-on-a-chip nanotoxicology
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Summary:	Heart failure represents a primary cause of hospitalization and mortality in both developed and developing countries, often necessitating heart transplantation as the only viable recovery path. Despite advances in transplantation medicine, organ rejection remains a significant post-operative challenge, traditionally monitored through invasive endomyocardial biopsies (EMB). This study introduces a rapid prototyping approach to organ rejection monitoring via a sensor-integrated flexible patch, employing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the non-invasive, continuous assessment of resistive and capacitive changes indicative of tissue rejection processes. Utilizing titanium-dioxide-coated electrodes for contactless impedance sensing, this method aims to mitigate the limitations associated with EMB, including procedural risks and the psychological burden on patients. The biosensor's design features, including electrode passivation and three-dimensional microelectrode protrusions, facilitate effective monitoring of cardiac rejection by aligning with the heart's curvature and responding to muscle contractions. Evaluation of sensor performance utilized SPICE simulations, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, alongside experimental validation using chicken heart tissue to simulate healthy and rejected states. The study highlights the potential of EIS in reducing the need for invasive biopsy procedures and offering a promising avenue for early detection and monitoring of organ rejection, with implications for patient care and healthcare resource utilization.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2079-6374 2079-6374
DOI:	10.3390/bios14050253