Food consumption according to degree of food processing, behavioral variables, and sociodemographic factors: Findings from a population-based study in Brazil

•The consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods is positively associated with age and negatively associated with level of education.•The consumption of ultraprocessed foods is negatively associated with sedentary behavior.•This study found that ultraprocessed food consumption is higher...

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Published in:	Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) Vol. 93; p. 111505
Main Authors:	da Silva, Danielle Cristina Guimarães, Fiates, Giovanna Medeiros Rataichesck, Botelho, Alyne Michelle, Vieira, Francilene Gracieli Kunradi, Medeiros, Kharla Janinny, Willecke, Rafaela Guedes, Longo, Giana Zarbato
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Elsevier Inc 01-01-2022 Elsevier Limited
Subjects:	Adult Adults Behavior Behavioral factors Brazil Confidence intervals Cross-Sectional Studies Cross-sectional study Disease Education Energy intake Expenditures Fast Foods Female Food consumption Food Handling Food processing Food products Humans Male Metabolic syndrome Middle Aged Mortality Obesity Population Population studies Population-based studies Processed foods Questionnaires Sample size Sedentary behavior Sociodemographic Factors Sociodemographics Statistical analysis Ultraprocessed foods Young Adult Brazil Ultraprocessed foods Behavioral factors Cross-sectional study Food consumption Sociodemographic factors
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Summary:	•The consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods is positively associated with age and negatively associated with level of education.•The consumption of ultraprocessed foods is negatively associated with sedentary behavior.•This study found that ultraprocessed food consumption is higher in women than in men. This study aimed to investigate the consumption levels of foods at different degrees of processing and their associations with sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of Brazilian adults. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study involving 976 adult individuals (ages 20 to 59 y) of both sexes, living in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Participants were selected using a probabilistic sampling technique. Consumed foods were categorized into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultraprocessed foods. Associations were tested using linear regression. Unprocessed and minimally processed foods accounted for 61.3% of the total energy intake and were positively associated with age and negatively associated with level of education (β = −6.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] [−10.16 to −3.57]) and sedentary behavior (β = 3.24; 95% CI [−5.88 to −0.61]). Ultraprocessed foods accounted for 23.6% of the total energy intake, and consumption was negatively associated with age and positively associated with sedentary behavior (β = 0.005; 95% CI [0.00008–0.01]) and tertiary education (β = 5.42; 95% CI [2.71–8.13]). Ultraprocessed foods contribute more to the daily energy intake of younger individuals, and ultraprocessed food consumption is positively associated with sedentary activity and level of education.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0899-9007 1873-1244
DOI:	10.1016/j.nut.2021.111505