Segmenting German housing markets using principal component and cluster analyses

Purpose Germany has a polycentric city structure. This paper aims to reduce complexity of this structure and to find a reliable classification scheme of German housing markets at city level based on 17 relevant market parameters. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a two-step clustering algo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of housing markets and analysis Vol. 15; no. 3; pp. 548 - 578
Main Authors:	Wiersma, Simon, Just, Tobias, Heinrich, Michael
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Bingley Emerald Publishing Limited 22-04-2022 Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Subjects:	Algorithms Cities Classification Classification schemes Cluster analysis Clustering Design parameters Diversification Geography Housing Housing market Institutional investments Investment strategy Investments Investors Market segments Parameter robustness Population Portfolio management Principal components analysis Regions Urban planning United Kingdom > UK United States > US Germany Cluster analysis Bootstrapping Market segmentation Residential real estate market Portfolio management Principal component analysis
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Summary:	Purpose Germany has a polycentric city structure. This paper aims to reduce complexity of this structure and to find a reliable classification scheme of German housing markets at city level based on 17 relevant market parameters. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a two-step clustering algorithm combining k-means with Ward’s method to develop the classification scheme. The clustering process is preceded by a principal component analysis to merely retain the most important dimensions of the market parameters. The robustness of the results is investigated with a bootstrapping method. Findings It is found that German residential markets can best be segmented into four groups. Geographic contiguity plays a specific role, but is not a main factor. Our bootstrapping analysis identifies the majority of pairwise city relations (88.5%) to be non-random. Research limitations/implications A deeper discussion concerning the most relevant market parameters is required. The stability of the clusters is to be re-investigated in the future, as the bootstrapping analysis indicates that some clusters are more homogeneous than others. Practical implications The developed classification scheme provides insights into opportunities and risks associated with specific city groups. The findings of this study can be used in portfolio management to reduce unsystematic investment risks and to formulate investment strategies. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to offer insights into the German housing markets which applies principal component, cluster and bootstrapping analyses in a sole integrated approach.
ISSN:	1753-8270 1753-8289
DOI:	10.1108/IJHMA-01-2021-0006