An Efficient Machine Learning-Based Model to Effectively Classify the Type of Noises in QR Code: A Hybrid Approach

Granting smart device consumers with information, simply and quickly, is what drives quick response (QR) codes and mobile marketing to go hand in hand. It boosts marketing campaigns and objectives and allows one to approach, engage, influence, and transform a wider target audience by connecting from...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Symmetry (Basel) Vol. 14; no. 10; p. 2098
Main Authors:	Rasheed, Jawad, Wardak, Ahmad B., Abu-Mahfouz, Adnan M., Umer, Tariq, Yesiltepe, Mirsat, Waziry, Sadaf
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basel MDPI AG 01-10-2022
Subjects:	Accuracy Artificial neural networks Classification CNN Datasets Deep learning Digital imaging Electronic devices histogram analysis Histograms Image classification Investigations Machine learning Marketing Neural networks Noise noise classification noisy images quick response Support vector machines SVM
Online Access:	Get full text
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Summary:	Granting smart device consumers with information, simply and quickly, is what drives quick response (QR) codes and mobile marketing to go hand in hand. It boosts marketing campaigns and objectives and allows one to approach, engage, influence, and transform a wider target audience by connecting from offline to online platforms. However, restricted printing technology and flexibility in surfaces introduce noise while printing QR code images. Moreover, noise is often unavoidable during the gathering and transmission of digital images. Therefore, this paper proposed an automatic and accurate noise detector to identify the type of noise present in QR code images. For this, the paper first generates a new dataset comprising 10,000 original QR code images of varying sizes and later introduces several noises, including salt and pepper, pepper, speckle, Poisson, salt, local var, and Gaussian to form a dataset of 80,000 images. We perform extensive experiments by reshaping the generated images to uniform size for exploiting Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LG) to classify the original and noisy images. Later, the analysis is further widened by incorporating histogram density analysis to trace and target highly important features by transforming images of varying sizes to obtain 256 features, followed by SVM, LG, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to identify the noise type. Moreover, to understand the impact of symmetry of noises in QR code images, we trained the models with combinations of 3-, 5-, and 7-noise types and analyzed the classification performance. From comparative analyses, it is noted that the Gaussian and Localvar noises possess symmetrical characteristics, as all the classifiers did not perform well to segregate these two noises. The results prove that histogram analysis significantly improves classification accuracy with all exploited models, especially when combined with SVM, it achieved maximum accuracy for 4- and 6-class classification problems.
ISSN:	2073-8994 2073-8994
DOI:	10.3390/sym14102098