DNA−Protein Cross-Linking from Oxidation of Guanine via the Flash−Quench Technique
The production of guanine radicals in DNA via the flash−quench technique is shown to cause the formation of covalent adducts between DNA and histone protein. In the flash−quench experiment, the DNA-bound intercalator Ru(phen)2dppz2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dppz = dipyridophenazine) is excited w...
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| Published in: | Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 122; no. 15; pp. 3585 - 3594 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
American Chemical Society
19-04-2000
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| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | The production of guanine radicals in DNA via the flash−quench technique is shown to cause the formation of covalent adducts between DNA and histone protein. In the flash−quench experiment, the DNA-bound intercalator Ru(phen)2dppz2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dppz = dipyridophenazine) is excited with 442 nm light and quenched oxidatively by Co(NH3)5Cl2+, methyl viologen (MV2+), or Ru(NH3)6 3+ to produce Ru(phen)2dppz3+, a strong oxidant (+1.6 V) that can oxidize a nearby guanine base (+1.3 V). The guanine radical thus produced is vulnerable to nucleophilic attack and can react with amino acid side chains to form DNA−protein cross-links. Evidence for DNA−protein cross-linking was provided by the chloroform extraction assay, a filter binding assay, and gel electrophoretic analysis. After flash−quench treatment, pUC19 plasmid DNA undergoes a dramatic decrease in mobility that is reversed upon digestion with proteinase K, as seen by agarose gel electrophoresis. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) experiments, the histone protein shows similar mobility shifts. Cross-linking is observed with poly(dG-dC) and mixed sequence DNA, but not with poly(dA-dT), indicating that the reaction requires guanine bases. Measurements of emission quenching indicate that for a given quencher, the amount of cross-linking is correlated to the amount of quenching. When comparing different quenchers, however, the amount of cross-linking is inversely related to the amount of quenching and decreases in the order Co(NH3)5Cl2+ > MV2+ > Ru(NH3)6 3+. This trend in cross-linking correlates instead with the lifetime of the guanine radical measured by transient absorption spectroscopy, and suggests that the cross-linking reaction requires > 100 μs. These results demonstrate that the flash−quench technique is an effective approach for the study of covalent adducts between DNA and protein formed as a result of guanine oxidation, and suggest one possible fate for oxidatively damaged DNA in vivo. |
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| Bibliography: | istex:C0A8980E31834367526041C5809AB2B07444E767 ark:/67375/TPS-SHF1Z1RH-X |
| ISSN: | 0002-7863 1520-5126 |
| DOI: | 10.1021/ja993502p |