Human Oncogenic Epstein–Barr Virus in Water and Human Blood Infection of Communities in Phayao Province, Thailand

Water can contain pathogenic viruses. Many studies on RNA virus sources have shown that water can transmit them. However, there are few reports on pathogenic DNA virus transmission through water, such as adenovirus, which pose a widespread public health risk. Therefore, this study aimed to show wate...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Water (Basel) Vol. 15; no. 2; p. 323
Main Authors:	Sutida Pongpakdeesakul, Tipaya Ekalaksananan, Chamsai Pientong, Niti Iamchuen, Surachat Buddhisa, Khwanruedee Mahingsa, Arunee Pingyod, Wanwipa Sangsrijun, Supaporn Passorn, Peechanika Chopjitt, Sureewan Duangjit, Sureewan Bumrungthai
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 01-01-2023
Subjects:	blood blood-borne virus EBV natural water tap water
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Description
Summary:	Water can contain pathogenic viruses. Many studies on RNA virus sources have shown that water can transmit them. However, there are few reports on pathogenic DNA virus transmission through water, such as adenovirus, which pose a widespread public health risk. Therefore, this study aimed to show waterborne viral transmission by detecting viruses in pooled human whole blood samples, tap water, and natural water from Mueang District, Phayao Province, Thailand, using a metagenomic approach. Viral prevalence in whole blood samples was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and environmental factors that affect viral infection were assessed. Metagenomics results showed that Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) members were among the prominent cancer-associated oncogenic DNA viruses detected in human blood and all water types similar to the EBV reference sequence (NC_007605). There were 59 out of 813 (7.26%) human whole blood samples that were positive for EBV DNA based on PCR and qPCR for the EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 genes. Water- and blood-borne human oncogenic EBV should be a concern in tap water treatment and blood transfusion in patients, respectively. Therefore, the detection of EBV in water suggests that transmission via water is possible and should be investigated further.
ISSN:	2073-4441
DOI:	10.3390/w15020323