Congenital Lung Malformations: A Pictorial Review of Imaging Findings and a Practical Guide for Diagnosis

The term congenital lung malformation (CLM) is used to describe a wide range of pathological conditions with different imaging and clinical manifestations. These anomalies stem from abnormal embryological lung development, potentially occurring across various stages of prenatal life. Their natural h...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Children (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 6; p. 638
Main Authors:	Cancemi, Giovanna, Distefano, Giulio, Vitaliti, Gioele, Milazzo, Dario, Terzo, Giuseppe, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Di Benedetto, Vincenzo, Scuderi, Maria Grazia, Coronella, Maria, Musumeci, Andrea Giovanni, Grippaldi, Daniele, Mauro, Letizia Antonella, Foti, Pietro Valerio, Basile, Antonio, Palmucci, Stefano
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 25-05-2024 MDPI
Subjects:	Airway management Asymptomatic computed tomography Congenital diseases congenital lung anomalies congenital lung malformations congenital thoracic malformations CT imaging Cysts Diagnostic imaging Embryonic development Genetic disorders Health aspects Hemoptysis Hypotheses imaging evaluation imaging guidelines Infants (Newborn) Kinases Medical diagnosis Pathogenesis Pneumonia Postpartum period Pregnant women Pulmonary arteries Review Ultrasonic imaging computed tomography imaging evaluation MR imaging congenital thoracic malformations radiography congenital lung anomalies congenital lung malformations imaging guidelines ultrasound
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Summary:	The term congenital lung malformation (CLM) is used to describe a wide range of pathological conditions with different imaging and clinical manifestations. These anomalies stem from abnormal embryological lung development, potentially occurring across various stages of prenatal life. Their natural history can be variable, presenting in a wide range of severity levels and encompassing asymptomatic individuals who remain so until adulthood, as well as those who experience respiratory distress in the neonatal period. Through the PubMed database, we performed an extensive review of the literature in the fields of congenital lung abnormalities, including their diagnostic approach and findings. From our RIS-PACS database, we have selected cases with a final diagnosis of congenital lung malformation. Different diagnostic approaches have been selected, including clinical cases studied using plain radiograph, CT scan, prenatal ultrasound, and MR images. The most encountered anomalies can be classified into three categories: bronchopulmonary anomalies (congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs), congenital lobar hyperinflation, bronchial atresia, and bronchogenic cysts), vascular anomalies (arteriovenous malformation), and combined lung and vascular anomalies (scimitar syndrome and bronchopulmonary sequestration). CLM causes significant morbidity and mortality; therefore, the recognition of these abnormalities is necessary for optimal prenatal counseling and early peri- and postnatal management. This pictorial review aims to report relevant imaging findings in order to offer some clues for differential diagnosis both for radiologists and pediatric consultants.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	2227-9067 2227-9067
DOI:	10.3390/children11060638