The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021

Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including limiting contact, soc...

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Published in:	The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia Vol. 4; p. 100031
Main Authors:	Jain, Nityanand, Hung, I-Chun, Kimura, Hitomi, Goh, Yi Lin, Jau, William, Huynh, Khoa Le Anh, Panag, Deepkanwar Singh, Tiwari, Ranjit, Prasad, Sakshi, Manirambona, Emery, Vasanthakumaran, Tamilarasy, Amanda, Tan Weiling, Lin, Ho-Wei, Vig, Nikhil, An, Nguyen Thanh, Uwiringiyimana, Emmanuel, Popkova, Darja, Lin, Ting-Han, Nguyen, Minh Anh, Jain, Shivani, Umar, Tungki Pratama, Suleman, Mohamed Hoosen, Efendi, Elnur, Kuo, Chuan-Ying, Bansal, Sikander Pal Singh, Kauškale, Sofja, Peng, Hui-Hui, Bains, Mohit, Rozevska, Marija, Tran, Thang Huu, Tsai, Meng-Shan, Pahulpreet, Jiraboonsri, Suvinai, Tai, Ruo-Zhu, Khan, Zeeshan Ali, Huy, Dang Thanh, Kositbovornchai, Supitsara, Chiu, Ching-Wen, Nguyen, Thi Hien Hau, Chen, Hsueh-Yen, Khongyot, Thanawat, Chen, Kai-Yang, Quyen, Dinh Thi Kim, Lam, Jennifer, Dila, Kadek Agus Surya, Cu, Ngan Thanh, Thi, My Tam Huynh, Dung, Le Anh, Thi, Kim Oanh Nguyen, Thi, Hoai An Nguyen, Trieu, My Duc Thao, Thi, Yen Cao, Pham, Thien Trang, Ariyoshi, Koya, Smith, Chris, Huy, Nguyen Tien
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Elsevier Ltd 01-09-2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd Elsevier
Subjects:	Cities COVID-19 Delta variant Global response Management Provinces Swiss Cheese Testing Transmission COVID-19 Provinces Swiss Cheese Transmission Delta variant Global response Cities Management Testing
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Summary:	Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including limiting contact, social isolation, vaccination, contact tracing, etc. However, given the heterogeneity in the enforcement of these strategies and constant fluctuations in the strictness levels of these strategies, it becomes challenging to assess the true impact of these strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19. In the present study, we evaluated various transmission control measures that were imposed in 10 global urban cities and provinces in 2021– Bangkok, Gauteng, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, London, Manila City, New Delhi, New York City, Singapore, and Tokyo. Based on our analysis, we herein propose the population-level Swiss cheese model for the failures and pitfalls in various strategies that each of these cities and provinces had. Furthermore, whilst all the evaluated cities and provinces took a different personalized approach to managing the pandemic, what remained common was dynamic enforcement and monitoring of breaches of each barrier of protection. The measures taken to reinforce the barriers were adjusted continuously based on the evolving epidemiological situation. How an individual city or province handled the pandemic profoundly affected and determined how the entire country handled the pandemic since the chain of transmission needs to be broken at the very grassroot level to achieve nationwide control. The present study did not receive any external funding.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Authors equally contributed the work.
ISSN:	2772-3682 2772-3682
DOI:	10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100031