Immune Checkpoints in Leprosy: Immunotherapy As a Feasible Approach to Control Disease Progression

Leprosy remains a health problem in several countries. Current management of patients with leprosy is complex and requires multidrug therapy. Nonetheless, antibiotic treatment is insufficient to prevent nerve disabilities and control . Successful infectious disease treatment demands an understanding...

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Published in:	Frontiers in immunology Vol. 8; p. 1724
Main Authors:	Lima, Hayana Ramos, Gasparoto, Thaís Helena, de Souza Malaspina, Tatiana Salles, Marques, Vinícius Rizzo, Vicente, Marina Jurado, Marcos, Elaine Camarinha, Souza, Fabiana Corvolo, Nogueira, Maria Renata Sales, Barreto, Jaison Antônio, Garlet, Gustavo Pompermaier, da Silva, João Santana, Brito-de-Souza, Vânia Nieto, Campanelli, Ana Paula
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 11-12-2017
Subjects:	cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint blockade Immunology immunotherapy leprosy PD-1:PD-L1 T-regulatory cells leprosy T-regulatory cells PD-1:PD-L1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immunotherapy immune checkpoint blockade
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Summary:	Leprosy remains a health problem in several countries. Current management of patients with leprosy is complex and requires multidrug therapy. Nonetheless, antibiotic treatment is insufficient to prevent nerve disabilities and control . Successful infectious disease treatment demands an understanding of the host immune response against a pathogen. Immune-based therapy is an effective treatment option for malignancies and infectious diseases. A promising therapeutic approach to improve the clinical outcome of malignancies is the blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a wide range of inhibitory or regulatory pathways that are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the immune response. Programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, and lymphocyte-activation gene-3 are the most important immune checkpoint molecules. Several pathogens, including , are supposed to utilize these mechanisms to evade the host immune response. Regulatory T cells and expression of co-inhibitory molecules on lymphocytes induce specific T-cell anergy/exhaustion, leading to disseminated and progressive disease. From this perspective, we outline how the co-inhibitory molecules PD-1, PD-L1, and Th1/Th17 versus Th2/Treg cells are balanced, how antigen-presenting cell maturation acts at different levels to inhibit T cells and modulate the development of leprosy, and how new interventions interfere with leprosy development.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Reviewed by: Yves Renaudineau, University of Western Brittany, France; Nathalie Winter, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), France; Subramanian Dhandayuthapani, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, United States Edited by: Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil Specialty section: This article was submitted to Microbial Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
ISSN:	1664-3224 1664-3224
DOI:	10.3389/fimmu.2017.01724