A Narrative Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sarcopenia and Malnutrition in Patients with Heart Failure

A Narrative Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sarcopenia and Malnutrition in Patients with Heart Failure

The prevalence of sarcopenia (loss of muscle strength, mass and function) in individuals with heart failure (HF) stands at a considerable level (approximately 20%), contributing to heightened mortality rates and diminished quality of life. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involve the pre...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nutrients Vol. 16; no. 16; p. 2717
Main Authors: de Jorge-Huerta, Lucía, Marco-Alacid, Cristian, Grande, Cristina, Velardo Andrés, Christian
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 15-08-2024
MDPI
Subjects:
Body mass index
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
diet
Edema
Ejection fraction
Epidemiology
Exercise
Heart failure
Heart Failure - complications
Heart Failure - therapy
Humans
Inflammation
Malnutrition
Malnutrition - diagnosis
Malnutrition - etiology
Malnutrition - therapy
Medical diagnosis
Metabolism
Mortality
Muscle strength
Musculoskeletal system
Nutrition Assessment
Nutritional Status
nutritional supplementation
Oxidative stress
Pathophysiology
physical exercise
Physical fitness
Quality of Life
Review
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia - diagnosis
Sarcopenia - etiology
Sarcopenia - therapy
Weight control
heart failure
malnutrition
nutritional supplementation
diet
physical exercise
sarcopenia
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Summary:The prevalence of sarcopenia (loss of muscle strength, mass and function) in individuals with heart failure (HF) stands at a considerable level (approximately 20%), contributing to heightened mortality rates and diminished quality of life. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involve the presence of low-grade inflammation and a disturbance of the anabolic-catabolic protein balance. The nutritional assessment of patients with HF is a key aspect, and diverse diagnostic tools are employed based on patient profiles (outpatient, inpatient and nursing home). The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria serves as a consensus for diagnosing malnutrition. Given that edema can impact body mass index (BMI) in patients with HF, alternative body assessment technical methods, such as bioelectrical vector impedance (BiVA), BIA (without vector mode), computer tomography (CT) or clinical ultrasound (US), are useful. Scientific evidence supports the efficacy of both aerobic and resistance physical exercises in ameliorating and preventing muscle wasting associated with HF. Dietary strategies emphasize the importance of protein intake, while certain micronutrients like coenzyme Q10 or intravenous iron may offer benefits. This narrative review aims to present the current understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of muscle loss in individuals with heart failure and its consequential impact on prognosis.
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ISSN:2072-6643
2072-6643
DOI:10.3390/nu16162717