Thin-Film Quantum Dot Photodiode for Monolithic Infrared Image Sensors

Imaging in the infrared wavelength range has been fundamental in scientific, military and surveillance applications. Currently, it is a crucial enabler of new industries such as autonomous mobility (for obstacle detection), augmented reality (for eye tracking) and biometrics. Ubiquitous deployment o...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 17; no. 12; p. 2867
Main Authors:	Malinowski, Pawel E, Georgitzikis, Epimitheas, Maes, Jorick, Vamvaka, Ioanna, Frazzica, Fortunato, Van Olmen, Jan, De Moor, Piet, Heremans, Paul, Hens, Zeger, Cheyns, David
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 10-12-2017 MDPI
Subjects:	Architecture Augmented reality Biometrics CMOS Dark current image sensor imaging infrared Infrared cameras Infrared imagery Infrared imaging Military applications monolithic integration Obstacle avoidance PbS quantum dot Quantum dots Sensors Thin films PbS image sensor quantum dot infrared imaging monolithic integration
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Summary:	Imaging in the infrared wavelength range has been fundamental in scientific, military and surveillance applications. Currently, it is a crucial enabler of new industries such as autonomous mobility (for obstacle detection), augmented reality (for eye tracking) and biometrics. Ubiquitous deployment of infrared cameras (on a scale similar to visible cameras) is however prevented by high manufacturing cost and low resolution related to the need of using image sensors based on flip-chip hybridization. One way to enable monolithic integration is by replacing expensive, small-scale III-V-based detector chips with narrow bandgap thin-films compatible with 8- and 12-inch full-wafer processing. This work describes a CMOS-compatible pixel stack based on lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QD) with tunable absorption peak. Photodiode with a 150-nm thick absorber in an inverted architecture shows dark current of 10 A/cm² at -2 V reverse bias and EQE above 20% at 1440 nm wavelength. Optical modeling for top illumination architecture can improve the contact transparency to 70%. Additional cooling (193 K) can improve the sensitivity to 60 dB. This stack can be integrated on a CMOS ROIC, enabling order-of-magnitude cost reduction for infrared sensors.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 This paper is an extended version of “Pawel E. Malinowski, Epimitheas Georgitzikis, Jorick Maes, Mehedi Mamun, Oscar Enzing, Fortunato Frazzica, Jan Van Olmen, Piet De Moor, Paul Heremans, Zeger Hens, and David Cheyns. Monolithic Near Infrared Image Sensors Enabled by Quantum Dot Photodetector. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Image Sensor Workshop, Hiroshima, Japan, 30 May–2 June 2017”.
ISSN:	1424-8220 1424-8220
DOI:	10.3390/s17122867