Gendered Impact of Age, Toilet Facilities, and Cooking Fuels on the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers in Indonesia and the Philippines

The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk factors of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five in Indonesia and the Philippines and to implement a primary review of the characteristics of toddlers and their households in both countries. Data were obtained from the 2017 Demogra...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 19; no. 21; p. 14582
Main Authors:	Sulistyorini, Lilis, Li, Chung-Yi, Lutpiatina, Leka, Utama, Ricko Dharmadi, Nurlailah
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 07-11-2022 MDPI
Subjects:	Age groups Air pollution Air Pollution, Indoor - adverse effects Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Bivariate analysis Child, Preschool Children Cooking Cooking - methods Coronaviruses Demographics Drinking water Families & family life Female Females Gender Health surveys Households Humans Indonesia - epidemiology Indoor air pollution Indoor air quality Indoor environments Infant Infections Male Males Mothers Philippines - epidemiology Pneumonia Questionnaires Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology Respiratory Tract Infections - etiology Risk analysis Risk Factors Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Socioeconomic factors Toddlers Toilet Facilities Urban areas Variables Viruses Working mothers Philippines Indonesia Indonesia-Philippines Demographic and Health Survey year 2017 gender risk factor under-five children acute respiratory infections
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Summary:	The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk factors of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five in Indonesia and the Philippines and to implement a primary review of the characteristics of toddlers and their households in both countries. Data were obtained from the 2017 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Indonesia and the Philippines. The characteristics of children, mothers, and households were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to examine the significant correlations between variables. The percentage of children under five with ARI symptoms in 2017 was 1.51% in the Philippines and 4.22% in Indonesia. In Indonesia, males aged under one year had significantly lower occurrences of ARI symptoms (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36-0.82). In the Philippines, dirty cooking fuels had a significant effect on increasing the likelihood of ARI in female toddlers (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.02-15.83). In the Philippines, the unavailability of toilet facilities had a significant effect on increasing the likelihood of ARI in male toddlers (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.15-6.16). The comparison of risk factors between male and female toddlers revealed different results in some variables, as follows: children aged under one year, dirty cooking fuels, and unavailable toilet facilities. The role of parents is fundamental in taking care of female toddlers, since they are more exposed to ARI at the age of under one year and are more prone to indoor air pollution from solid cooking fuels.
ISSN:	1660-4601 1661-7827 1660-4601
DOI:	10.3390/ijerph192114582