Interleukin-15 response signature predicts RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge of rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with strain 68-1 Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing SIV proteins (RhCMV/SIV) results in a binary outcome: stringent control and subsequent clearance of highly pathogenic SIV in ~55% of vaccinated RMs wit...

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Published in:	PLoS pathogens Vol. 17; no. 7; p. e1009278
Main Authors:	Barrenäs, Fredrik, Hansen, Scott G, Law, Lynn, Driscoll, Connor, Green, Richard R, Smith, Elise, Chang, Jean, Golez, Inah, Urion, Taryn, Peng, Xinxia, Whitmore, Leanne, Newhouse, Daniel, Hughes, Colette M, Morrow, David, Randall, Kurt T, Selseth, Andrea N, Ford, Julia C, Gilbride, Roxanne M, Randall, Bryan E, Ainslie, Emily, Oswald, Kelli, Shoemaker, Rebecca, Fast, Randy, Bosche, William J, Axthelm, Michael K, Fukazawa, Yoshinori, Pavlakis, George N, Felber, Barbara K, Fourati, Slim, Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre, Lifson, Jeffrey D, Komorowski, Jan, Kosmider, Ewelina, Shao, Danica, Song, Wenjun, Edlefsen, Paul T, Picker, Louis J, Gale, Jr, Michael
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 01-07-2021 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Animals Biology and Life Sciences CD8 antigen CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology Cell death Correlation Cytokines Cytomegalovirus Development and progression Female Gene expression Genetic aspects Genetic Vectors Genomics Health aspects HIV HIV infection Human immunodeficiency virus Immune clearance Immune response Immune system Immunological memory Immunological research Infections Inflammasomes Interleukin 15 Interleukin-15 - immunology Lymphocytes Lymphocytes T Macaca mulatta Male Medicine and Health Sciences Memory cells Physiological aspects Prevention Principal components analysis Proteins SAIDS Vaccines - immunology Signal transduction Signaling Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - prevention & control Simian immunodeficiency virus Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - immunology Toll-like receptors Transcriptomes Vaccination Vaccine efficacy Vaccines Viral vaccines Viruses Sweden
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Summary:	Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge of rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with strain 68-1 Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing SIV proteins (RhCMV/SIV) results in a binary outcome: stringent control and subsequent clearance of highly pathogenic SIV in ~55% of vaccinated RMs with no protection in the remaining 45%. Although previous work indicates that unconventionally restricted, SIV-specific, effector-memory (EM)-biased CD8+ T cell responses are necessary for efficacy, the magnitude of these responses does not predict efficacy, and the basis of protection vs. non-protection in 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vector-vaccinated RMs has not been elucidated. Here, we report that 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vector administration strikingly alters the whole blood transcriptome of vaccinated RMs, with the sustained induction of specific immune-related pathways, including immune cell, toll-like receptor (TLR), inflammasome/cell death, and interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, significantly correlating with subsequent vaccine efficacy. Treatment of a separate RM cohort with IL-15 confirmed the central involvement of this cytokine in the protection signature, linking the major innate and adaptive immune gene expression networks that correlate with RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. This change-from-baseline IL-15 response signature was also demonstrated to significantly correlate with vaccine efficacy in an independent validation cohort of vaccinated and challenged RMs. The differential IL-15 gene set response to vaccination strongly correlated with the pre-vaccination activity of this pathway, with reduced baseline expression of IL-15 response genes significantly correlating with higher vaccine-induced induction of IL-15 signaling and subsequent vaccine protection, suggesting that a robust de novo vaccine-induced IL-15 signaling response is needed to program vaccine efficacy. Thus, the RhCMV/SIV vaccine imparts a coordinated and persistent induction of innate and adaptive immune pathways featuring IL-15, a known regulator of CD8+ T cell function, that support the ability of vaccine-elicited unconventionally restricted CD8+ T cells to mediate protection against SIV challenge.
Bibliography:	new_version ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Louis J. Picker and Scott G. Hansen declare their role as consultants for, and their substantial financial interest in Vir Biotechnology, Inc. as a Conflict of Interest that is managed by OHSU. No other authors have any conflicts to disclose.
ISSN:	1553-7374 1553-7366 1553-7374
DOI:	10.1371/journal.ppat.1009278