Phylogenetic Subtypes of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I and their Relations to the Anthropological Background

Isolates of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) were phylogenetically analyzed from native inhabitants in India and South America (Colombia and Chile) and from Ainu (regarded as pure Japanese descendants from the preagricultural "Jomon" period). Their genomes were partially sequence...

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Published in:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 91; no. 3; pp. 1124 - 1127
Main Authors:	Miura, Tomoyuki, Fukunaga, Takuya, Igarashi, Tatsuhiko, Yamashita, Masahiro, Ido, Eiji, Funahashi, Shin-Ichi, Ishida, Takafumi, Washio, Keiko, Ueda, Shintarou, Hashimoto, Ken-Ichiro, Yoshida, Mitsuaki, Osame, Mitsuhiro, Singhal, Bhim Sen, Zaninovic, Vladimir, Cartier, Luis, Sonoda, Shunro, Tajima, Kazuo, Ina, Yasuo, Gojobori, Takashi, Hayami, Masanori
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Washington, DC National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 01-02-1994 National Acad Sciences National Academy of Sciences
Subjects:	Adult Africa African Continental Ancestry Group - genetics Aged AIDS/HIV Animals Biological and medical sciences Emigration and Immigration Evolution Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Genes, Viral Genetics Human T lymphotropic virus 1 Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - classification Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - genetics Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification Humans India Indigenous people Japan Male Medical research Microbiology Middle Aged Native Americans Oceanic Ancestry Group - genetics Phylogenetics Phylogeny Primates Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid Simian T lymphotropic virus 1 Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 - classification Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 - genetics Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification Slave trade South America Topology Virology Viruses South America Japan Africa India Virus Nucleotide sequence Biological evolution Retroviridae Anthropology Isolate Phylogeny LTR sequence HTLV-I virus Host virus relation
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Summary:	Isolates of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) were phylogenetically analyzed from native inhabitants in India and South America (Colombia and Chile) and from Ainu (regarded as pure Japanese descendants from the preagricultural "Jomon" period). Their genomes were partially sequenced together with isolates from Gabon in central Africa and from Ghana in West Africa. The phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence data obtained and those of previously reported HTLV-I isolates and simian T-lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I) isolates. The heterogeneity of HTLV-I was recently recognized, and one major type, generally called the "cosmopolitan" type, contained Japanese, Caribbean, and West African isolates. The phylogenetic tree constructed in the present study has shown that this cosmopolitan type can be further grouped into three lineages (subtypes A, B, and C). Subtype A consists of some Caribbean, two South American, and some Japanese isolates, including that from the Ainu, in addition to an Indian isolate, and subtype B consists of other Japanese isolates in addition to another Indian isolate, suggesting that there might be at least two ancestral lineages of the Japanese HTLV-I. Subtype A implies a close connection of the Caribbean and South American natives with the Japanese and thereby a possible migration of the lineage to the American continent via Beringia in the Paleolithic era. Subtype C consists of the West African and other Caribbean isolates, indicating that not all but part of the Caribbean strains directly originated from West Africa probably during the period of slave trade. The tree also has shown that the HTLV-I isolate from Gabon in central Africa forms a cluster with STLV-I from a chimpanzee, suggesting a possible interspecies transmission between man and the chimpanzee in the past. No specific clustering was observed in the tree in relation to manifestations of the disease such as adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-I-related neurological disorders. Thus, the topology of the phylogenetic tree reflects the movement of people carrying the virus in the past.
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ISSN:	0027-8424 1091-6490
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.91.3.1124