Investigation of quaternary ammonium silane-coated sand filter for the removal of bacteria and viruses from drinking water

Aims To develop an anti‐microbial filter media using an attached quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and evaluate its performance under conditions relevant to household drinking water treatment in developing countries. Methods and Results Silica sand was coated with dimethyloctadecyl [3‐(trimethoxysi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of applied microbiology Vol. 113; no. 5; pp. 1196 - 1207
Main Authors:	Torkelson, A.A., da Silva, A.K., Love, D.C., Kim, J.Y., Alper, J.P., Coox, B., Dahm, J., Kozodoy, P., Maboudian, R., Nelson, K.L.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-11-2012 Blackwell Oxford University Press
Subjects:	Adenoviridae - isolation & purification Adenovirus Bacteria Biological and medical sciences Drinking water Drinking Water - microbiology Escherichia coli Escherichia coli - isolation & purification filtration Filtration - methods Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology household water treatment and safe storage Humic Substances Levivirus - isolation & purification Microbiology MS2 coliphage Poliovirus Poliovirus - isolation & purification Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - chemistry quaternary ammonium silane Silanes - chemistry Silicon Dioxide - chemistry Viruses Water Purification - methods Water Quality Water treatment Drinking water Water treatment Filtration Applied microbiology Escherichia coli household water treatment and safe storage Coliphage quaternary ammonium silane Quaternary ammonium compound Virus Storage Filter MS2 coliphage Bacteria Phage Enterobacteriaceae
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Summary:	Aims To develop an anti‐microbial filter media using an attached quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and evaluate its performance under conditions relevant to household drinking water treatment in developing countries. Methods and Results Silica sand was coated with dimethyloctadecyl [3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ammonium chloride via covalent silane chemistry. Filter columns packed with coated media were challenged with micro‐organisms under different water quality conditions. The anti‐bacterial properties were investigated by visualizing Escherichia coli (E. coli) attachment to coated media under fluorescence microscopy combined with a live/dead stain. A 9‐cm columns with a filtration velocity of 18 m h−1 achieved log10 removals of 1·7 for E. coli, 1·8 for MS2 coliphage, 1·9 for Poliovirus type 3 and 0·36 for Adenovirus type 2, compared to 0·1–0·3 log10 removals of E. coli and MS2 by uncoated sand. Removal scaled linearly with column length and decreased with increasing ionic strength, flow velocity, filtration time and humic acid presence. Escherichia coli attached to QAC‐coated sand were observed to be membrane‐permeable, providing evidence of inactivation. Conclusions Filtration with QAC‐coated sand provided higher removal of bacteria and viruses than filtration with uncoated sand. However, major limitations included rapid fouling by micro‐organisms and natural organic matter and low removal of viruses PRD1 and Adenovirus 2. Significance and Impact of the Study QAC‐coated media may be promising for household water treatment. However, more research is needed on long‐term performance, options to reduce fouling and inactivation mechanisms.
Bibliography:	Data S1 Adenovirus type 2 and poliovirus type 3 methods. Data S2 Microbial and bromophenol blue leach assay results. istex:59338491452ECD2A073A03328DBEB8E96C6B1DC9 ark:/67375/WNG-S3J7R566-W ArticleID:JAM5411 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1364-5072 1365-2672
DOI:	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05411.x