Life in a rock pool: Radiation and population genetics of myxozoan parasites in hosts inhabiting restricted spaces

Intertidal rock pools where fish and invertebrates are in constant close contact due to limited space and water level fluctuations represent ideal conditions to promote life cycles in parasites using these two alternate hosts and to study speciation processes that could contribute to understanding t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PloS one Vol. 13; no. 3; p. e0194042
Main Authors:	Bartošová-Sojková, Pavla, Lövy, Alena, Reed, Cecile C, Lisnerová, Martina, Tomková, Tereza, Holzer, Astrid S, Fiala, Ivan
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 21-03-2018 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Alosa alosa Animals Biodiversity Biological evolution Biology and Life Sciences Bladder Ceratomyxa Clinidae Clinus cottoides Clinus superciliosus Cnidarians Coastal environments Computer and Information Sciences Dispersal Dispersion Distribution DNA, Ribosomal - genetics Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Environmental aspects Fish Fish Diseases - parasitology Fish parasites Fish populations Fishes - parasitology Gallbladder Genetic structure Genetics Genetics, Population - methods Habitat preferences Habitats Host specificity Host-Parasite Interactions - genetics Host-Parasite Interactions - physiology Host-parasite relationships Invertebrates Life Cycle Stages - genetics Life cycles Life cycles (Biology) Liver Marine ecosystems Myxozoa Myxozoa - classification Myxozoa - genetics Parasites Parasites - classification Parasites - genetics Parasitic Diseases, Animal - parasitology Phylogenetics Phylogeny Physiological aspects Population genetics Population structure Populations Radiation Research and Analysis Methods Rocks South Africa Speciation Species Species diversity Tidewater Water exchange Water level fluctuations Water levels Cape Agulhas South Africa Czech Republic North America Europe
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Summary:	Intertidal rock pools where fish and invertebrates are in constant close contact due to limited space and water level fluctuations represent ideal conditions to promote life cycles in parasites using these two alternate hosts and to study speciation processes that could contribute to understanding the roles of parasitic species in such ecosystems. Gall bladder and liver samples from five clinid fish species (Blenniiformes: Clinidae) were morphologically and molecularly examined to determine the diversity, prevalence, distribution and host specificity of Ceratomyxa parasites (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) in intertidal habitats along the coast of South Africa. Phylogenetic relationships of clinid ceratomyxids based on the SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and ITS regions were assessed additionally to the investigation of population genetic structure of Ceratomyxa cottoidii and subsequent comparison with the data known from type fish host Clinus cottoides. Seven Ceratomyxa species including previously described Ceratomyxa dehoopi and C. cottoidii were recognized in clinids. They represent a diverse group of rapidly evolving, closely related species with a remarkably high prevalence in their hosts, little host specificity and frequent concurrent infections, most probably as a result of parasite radiation after multiple speciation events triggered by limited host dispersal within restricted spaces. C. cottoidii represents the most common clinid parasite with a population structure characterized by young expanding populations in the south west and south east coast and by older populations in equilibrium on the west coast of its distribution. Parasite and fish host population structures show overlapping patterns and are very likely affected by similar oceanographic barriers possibly due to reduced host dispersal enhancing parasite community differentiation. While fish host specificity had little impact on parasite population structure, the habitat preference of the alternate invertebrate host as well as tidal water exchange may be additional crucial variables affecting the dispersal and associated population structure of C. cottoidii.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pone.0194042