SARS-CoV-2 infection as a model to study the effect of cinnamaldehyde as adjuvant therapy for viral pneumonia

SARS-CoV-2 infection as a model to study the effect of cinnamaldehyde as adjuvant therapy for viral pneumonia

Background The recent pandemic outbursts, due to SARS-CoV-2, have highlighted once more the central role of the inflammatory process in the propagation of viral infection. The main consequence of COVID-19 is the induction of a diffuse pro-inflammatory state, also defined as a cytokine storm, which a...

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Published in:Journal of inflammation (London, England) Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 1 - 40
Main Authors: Vezzani, Bianca, Perrone, Mariasole, Carinci, Marianna, Palumbo, Laura, Tombolato, Alberto, Tombolato, Denis, Daminato, Claudio, Gentili, Valentina, Rizzo, Roberta, Campo, Gianluca, Morandi, Luca, Papi, Alberto, Spadaro, Savino, Casolari, Paolo, Contoli, Marco, Pinton, Paolo, Giorgi, Carlotta
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London BioMed Central Ltd 20-11-2023
BioMed Central
BMC
Subjects:
Aldehydes
Anti-inflammatory diet
Bacterial pneumonia
Cell culture
Cinnamaldehyde
COVID-19
Cytokine storm
Cytokines
Dietary supplements
Epidemics
Epithelial cells
Health aspects
IL-1β
IL-6
Infections
Inflammation
Leukocytes (mononuclear)
Macrophages
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Medicine, Preventive
Patient compliance
Plasma levels
Pneumonia
Preventive health services
Replication
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Vaccination
Ventilation
Viral infections
Viral replication
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Summary:Background The recent pandemic outbursts, due to SARS-CoV-2, have highlighted once more the central role of the inflammatory process in the propagation of viral infection. The main consequence of COVID-19 is the induction of a diffuse pro-inflammatory state, also defined as a cytokine storm, which affects different organs, but mostly the lungs. We aimed to prove the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde, the active compound of cinnamon, as an anti-inflammatory compound, able to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. Results We enrolled 53 COVID-19 patients hospitalized for respiratory failure. The cohort was composed by 39 males and 13 females, aged 65.0 [+ or -] 9.8 years. We reported that COVID-19 patients have significantly higher IL-1[beta] and IL-6 plasma levels compared to non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients. In addition, human mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients are significantly more prone to release pro-inflammatory cytokines upon stimuli. We demonstrated, using in vitro cell models, that macrophages are responsible for mediating the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm while lung cells support SARS-CoV-2 replication upon viral infection. In this context, cinnamaldehyde administration significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2-related inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 mediated IL-1[beta] release in both PBMCs and THP-1 macrophages, as well as viral replication in CaLu-3 epithelial cells. Lastly, aerosol-administered cinnamaldehyde was able to significantly reduce IL-1[beta] release in an in vivo lung-inflammatory model. Conclusion The obtained results suggest the possible use of cinnamaldehyde as a co-adjuvant preventive treatment for COVID-19 disease together with vaccination, but also as a promising dietary supplement to reduce, more broadly, viral induced inflammation. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cinnamaldehyde, IL-1[beta], IL-6, Viral replication, Inflammation
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ISSN:1476-9255
1476-9255
DOI:10.1186/s12950-023-00364-9