Identification of Loci and Functional Characterization of Trichothecene Biosynthesis Genes in Filamentous Fungi of the Genus Trichoderma

Identification of Loci and Functional Characterization of Trichothecene Biosynthesis Genes in Filamentous Fungi of the Genus Trichoderma

Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by Trichoderma, Fusarium, and at least four other genera in the fungal order Hypocreales. Fusarium has a trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster that encodes transport and regulatory proteins as well as most enzymes required for the formation of the mycot...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 77; no. 14; pp. 4867 - 4877
Main Authors: Cardoza, R.E, Malmierca, M.G, Hermosa, M.R, Alexander, N.J, McCormick, S.P, Proctor, R.H, Tijerino, A.M, Rumbero, A, Monte, E, Gutiérrez, S
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Washington, DC American Society for Microbiology 01-07-2011
Subjects:
Bacteria
Biological and medical sciences
Biosynthesis
DNA, Fungal - biosynthesis
DNA, Fungal - genetics
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Fungal Proteins - biosynthesis
Fungal Proteins - genetics
Fusarium
Fusarium - genetics
Fusarium - metabolism
gene expression
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Genes
Genes, Fungal
hydroxylation
loci
Microbiology
Molecular Sequence Data
Multigene Family
Mycology
Mycotoxins - biosynthesis
Mycotoxins - genetics
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Proteins
Sequence Alignment
Toxins
Trichoderma
Trichoderma - genetics
Trichoderma - metabolism
Trichoderma arundinaceum
Trichoderma brevicompactum
trichothecenes
Trichothecenes - biosynthesis
Trichothecenes - genetics
Characterization
Fungi
Trichoderma
Gene
Biosynthesis
Identification
Fungi Imperfecti
Trichothecene
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Summary:Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by Trichoderma, Fusarium, and at least four other genera in the fungal order Hypocreales. Fusarium has a trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster that encodes transport and regulatory proteins as well as most enzymes required for the formation of the mycotoxins. However, little is known about trichothecene biosynthesis in the other genera. Here, we identify and characterize TRI gene orthologues (tri) in Trichoderma arundinaceum and Trichoderma brevicompactum. Our results indicate that both Trichoderma species have a tri cluster that consists of orthologues of seven genes present in the Fusarium TRI cluster. Organization of genes in the cluster is the same in the two Trichoderma species but differs from the organization in Fusarium. Sequence and functional analysis revealed that the gene (tri5) responsible for the first committed step in trichothecene biosynthesis is located outside the cluster in both Trichoderma species rather than inside the cluster as it is in Fusarium. Heterologous expression analysis revealed that two T. arundinaceum cluster genes (tri4 and tri11) differ in function from their Fusarium orthologues. The Tatri4-encoded enzyme catalyzes only three of the four oxygenation reactions catalyzed by the orthologous enzyme in Fusarium. The Tatri11-encoded enzyme catalyzes a completely different reaction (trichothecene C-4 hydroxylation) than the Fusarium orthologue (trichothecene C-15 hydroxylation). The results of this study indicate that although some characteristics of the tri/TRI cluster have been conserved during evolution of Trichoderma and Fusarium, the cluster has undergone marked changes, including gene loss and/or gain, gene rearrangement, and divergence of gene function.
Bibliography:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00595-11
http://hdl.handle.net/10113/49846
ISSN:0099-2240
1098-5336
DOI:10.1128/AEM.00595-11